CONTENTS Page Foreword............ IX Summary (English, French, Russian, Spanish) XI 1. Introduction by R. Schneider.. 1 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5 1.1.6 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 The present position and realization of the potential.............. General... Action taken by the United Nations... Action taken by WMO... Fields of application... Economic development and protection of the human environment... Profitability studies... Organization and necessary facilities... Meteorological Service... Format and content of meteorological information... Payment for services... 1.3 Conclusion... 6 2. The use of meteorological information in economic development by.i. D. McQuigg.... 7 2.1 Introduction... 7 2.1.1 General... 7 2.1.2 Purpose and scope... 7 2.1.3 The economics of information... 8 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 Meteorological information required for planning, design and management of weather-sensitive activities... Introduction... Climatological information..,... Forecast information... Current meteorological information... 9 9 10 11 11 2.3 Meteorological information required for evaluation of natural resources... 2.3.1 Introduction... 2.3.2 The atmosphere as a resource... 12 12 12
IV CONTENTS Page 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.6 2.6.1 26.2 2.7 2.7.1 2.7.2 Large-scale planning of land use... Small-scale planning of land use... Use of meteorological information for water-resource planning... Example 1 - Priorities for irrigation water systems... Example 2 - Irrigation in areas with large annual variability of precipitation... Meteorological information required for evaluation of energy resources... Examples of application of meteorological information to management problems in. agriculture Introduction... Selected illustrative examples of application of meteorological information to management of weather-sensitive agricultural processes... Example 1 - The use of climatology to adjust planting practices for new genetic characteristics of maize... Example 2 - Increased sensitivity of harvest machinery compared with hand-labour methods Example 3 - The importance of meteorological information in management of animal production... Example 4 - The use of weather information can lead to reduction of storage losses of grain Example 5 - The use of weather information to choose the correct size and type of farm machinery... Example 6 - The use of weather information in the management of irrigation schemes.. Example 7 - The use of weather information to reduce losses from freezing... Example 8 - The use of weather information during plant disease crises... Example 9 - The use of weather information in management of dry-land agriculture... Example 10 - Weather information - An important ingredient in crop forecasts... Example 11 - Weather information and forestry management... Meteorological information and the transport industry... Introduction... Illustrative examples... Example 1 - Reduction in shipping costs through use of minimum time routeing... Example 2 - The use of weather information to reduce costs in aviation... Example 3 - Precipitation forecasts can reduce port costs during loading or unloading of ships Example 4 - River stage forecasts... Example 5 - Fog dispersal at airports... Meteorological infomzation and the construction industly... Introduction... Illustrative examples... Example 1 - Example 2 - Example 3 - Example 4 - Example 5 - Example 6 - The use of climatological information to reduce seasonality of construction. Weather information - An important tool for management of excavation and earth-moving projects.................... Weather information and off-shore drilling operations......... Climatological information and proper design of buildings....... A method to study variability of construction costs through simulation models The use of meteorological information for bridge design........ Application of meteorological information to the management of energy distribution... Introduction............................ Illustrative examples......................... 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 19 20 20 21 22 22 23 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 29 29 29 30 30 31 31 32
CONTENTS V Page 2.8 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.9 2.9.1 2.9.2 2.10 2.10.1 2.10.2 2.11 2.11.1 2.11.2 2.12 2.12.1 2.12.2 Example 1 - Meteorological information and short-term management of electric power systems Example 2 - The use of meteorological information in long-range planning of electric power systems... Application of meteorological information to industry and commerce... Introduction... Ilhrstrative examples... Meteorological information for recreational activities... Introduction... Illustrative examples on planning of winter recreation areas... Weather and man... Introduction... Illustrative examples... Example 1 - Climatic therapy... Example 2 - Indoor climate... Mitigation of meteorological disasters... Introduction... Role of national Meteorological Services... Accessibility of Meteorological Services to government agencies, to industry and commerce and to the general public... Introduction... Implications for national Meteorological Services... Appendix... 32 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36 36 37 38 38 38 39 39 39 60 3. Economic and social aspects of weather modification by L. L. Means... 63 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 Background and purpose... 63 Introduction... 63 Publications and conferences on weather modification... 63 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7 Brief overview of present status of weather modification applications... Introduction... Fog dissipation... Precipitation enhancement... Suppression of hail damage... Lightning suppression... Modification of hurricanes and typhoons... Weather modification - An overview... 64 64 64 64 66 67 68 68 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 Evaluations of economic and social aspects of weather modification... 68 Introduction... 68 Benefits of weather modification... 69
VI CONTENTS Page 3.4 Specific reports of economic and social aspects of practical applications of weather modification 70 3.4.1 Introduction... 70 3.4.2 Fog dissipation... 70 3.4.3 Precipitation enhancement... 71 3.4.4 Hail suppression... 73 3.4.5 Lightning suppression... 74 3.4.6 Modification of hurricanes and typhoons... 74 3.5 The impacts of weather modification... 74 3.5.1 Economic models... 74 3.5.2 Social consequences... 75 3.6 Weather modification - A summary of economic and social effects......... 75 3.6.1 The present situation... 75 3.6.2 The future.... 76 4. Some examples of the application of meteorology to economic and social development in the U.S.S.R. by N. K. Klyukin....................... 81 4.1 Introduction... 81 4.1.1 Meteorology and the Soviet Union... 81 4.1.2 Applied meteorology - Its use in the Soviet Union... 81 4.2 Fundamental studies... 84 4.2.1 Introduction... 84 4.2.2 Cost/benefit of applied meteorology... 84 4.2.3 Ultra-long-term forecasts of hydrometeorological regimes... 84 4.2.4 Forecasts of hydrometeorological regimes and solar activity... 84 4.3 The application of meteorological data to building and industry... 90 4.3.1 The complex utilization of meteorological factors - Fundamental studies... 90 4.3.2 Glazed ice loads... 91 4.3.3 Wind loads... 91 4.3.4 Heat regime of buildings... 91 4.3.5 Radiation conditions - Illumination... 91 4.3.6 Meteorological conditions of opencast mining... 92 4.4 The use of meteorological data in agriculture....,............ 4.4.1 Introduction... 4.4.2 General questions of the use of meteorology in agriculture... 4.4.3 Questions of agroclimatological zoning... 4.4.4 Agrometeorological forecasts... 4.4.5 Problems of drought, sukhovey (dry winds) and dust storms... 4.4.6 Frost and frost control... 4.4.7 Meteorological aspects of the effectiveness of the use of fertilizers... 4.4.8 The meteorology of stockbreeding... 4.4.9 Examples of the application of meteorology to the cultivation of particular agricultural crops 101 101 101 102 102 102 102 102 103 103
CONTENTS VII Page 4.4.10 Cost/benefit of agrometeorology..................... 4.5 The application of meteorological data in aviation... 4.5.1 Introduction... 4.5.2 General questions of aeronautical meteorology... 4.5.3 Meteorological conditions for aviation... 4.5.4 The problem of the automation of meteorological services to aviation... 4.5.5 Cost/benefit of meteorological services to aviation... 4.6 Use of meteorological data in shipping... 4.6.1 Some general problems of meteorological services to shipping... 4.6.2 Recommended routes for ships... 4.6.3 Ice formation on ships... 4.6.4 Cost/benefit of hydrometeorological services to shipping... 103 109 109 109 109 110 110 113 113 113 113 113 4.7 Snowdrift and avalanche control..................... 11s 4.8 The use of meteorological data in medicine (medical meteorology).......... 117 4.9 Meteorology and atmospheric pollution................... 120 4.10 4.10.1 4.10.2 I 4.10.3 I 4.10.4 I 4.10.5 4.10.6 Planned modification of the environment (the control of natural phenomena and processes). General problems of modification - Modification of large-scale processes... Modification of convectional cloud with a view to hail prevention... Modification of cloud with a view to stimulating atmospheric precipitation... Dissipation of low cloud and fog... Action on snow cover, ice cover and glaciers... Cost/benefit of some types of modification... 172 132 133 1 3 123 124 4.11 Conclusion............................. 130