28 4 2009 11 ACTA ANTHROPOLOGICA SINICA Vol128,No14 Nov. 2009 12 1,2, 2,3, 1,2, 1,2 1,2, 1,2, 1,2 (11, 100044 ; 21, 100044 ; 31, 750001) : 12 2007 111,,,, (), ;,,,, : ; ; 12 ; : K871111 : A : 100023193 (2009) 0420329208 1 1923 [1 ],,,,,,, [2,3 ],,,,,, 1980 [4 ], : 2009207215 ; : 2009209204 : ( KZCX22YW2Q1204) ; (2006CB806400) ; (2007FY110200) : (19622),,,, E2mail :gaoxing @ivpp. ac. cn
330 28 2002 2 [5 ],, 2003 2007,,,, 2 8 12, [6 ],, 12,, 2 12 12 4km,N38 19 40, E106 29 492005,2007 12m 2,14, 111 112 [7 ],, 50m,10m, 116m,, 2 ; ; (1),,, 2007 13000,307kg,12m 2,,,,,, 12 280g, 60 % 20 50g,18 % 50 100g,5 % 100 150g, 150g 115 % ;55 % 215 5cm,, 1 12 Fig11 Microlithic artifacts from Shuidonggou Locality 12
4 : 12 331 98 %,, 40 %,, (2,3),,,, 2 Fig12 Burned stones from Shuidonggou Locality 12 3 Fig13 Pieces of burned stones from Shuidonggou Locality 12, ;,,, :, 3,, :a. ;b. ( 2 ) ;c. ( 2 ) ;d. ;e.,2 : :,,,,, 500 600 15, 2 :1),(1 ) ;2)
332 28, (2 ) ;3) :,,,, 600 800 15, 2 :1) (1 ),,(2,4) 4 2, Fig14 Burned stones by experiment ;2), 3 5, (3 ),,, ;3) (4 ) ;4) ;5), 2, : 1),12 2 3, 3,,,,,,() 2),, ;,,,,, 3),, ;,,, 4),,,,,,,??
4 : 12 333 4 411, 10km,,, ; 12 + + + +,,,, [7 ], ; 20 [8 ],,, (Lepus sp. ) ( Meles meles) (Cervidae) ( Gazella przewalskyi) ( Bubalus sp. ) ( Sus sp. ) ( Equus przewalskyi),,,, 412, 2 11 15m,, 26km, 1 [9 ] 1,,,,,, 70, 3,,,,,,,, 3, 30,,, ;, :,,, 12,,
334 28, 1 Tab11 Chemical tests on water samples collected from the Shuidonggou site (mgπl) (mgπl) 15 0 0 5 < DL 4 ph 615 815 717 811 013 1110 0112 011 < DL < DL 110 < DL < DL 110 < DL < DL 01002 < DL < DL 250 118 523 250 345 367 1000 588 1690 450 133 310 013 0101 0105 (mgπl) (mgπl) 110 2101 5105 0105 < DL < DL 0105 010044 010014 0101 < DL < DL 01001 < DL < DL 0101 < DL < DL 0105 01041 01015 0105 < DL < DL 0105 < DL < DL 20 8189 4104 100 ΠmL 8 240 3 ΠL 70 92 mgπl < DL < DL : ( GB5749 1985), :, 5 12 12 111 112,,(),,, 12 2 ;,,, [10 ], ;,,,,, [11,12 ], (Assineboins) (stone boilers),,,,,,
4 : 12 335, 12 1,,, [13 ] Gesher Benot Yaπaqvo,70 80, [14,15 ], 10 [16 ] 3 2,, 111 12,,;,, ;, 12,,,, 2,12,,, : ;, : [ 1 ] Licent E, Teilhard de Chardin P. Le Pal olithique de la Chine. LπAnthropologie, 1925, 25 : 2012234. [ 2 ] Kozlowski J K. The problem of the so2called Ordos culture in the light of the Paleolithic finds from northern China and southern Mongolia. Folia Quaternaria, 1971, 39 : 63299. [ 3 ],..,2006,26 (4) :5042513. [ 4 ]. 1980. :,2003,12233. [ 5 ],,Madsen DB..,2002,21 (3) :2112218. [ 6 ],,,...,,, :,2008, 2302239. [ 7 ],,,. 12.,2008,27 (4) :2952303. [ 8 ].. :,1964,1522164. [ 9 ].. [ 2006 ]35236 (2006 2 17,). [10 ],,.. :,1983 :3582359.
336 28 [11 ] Thoms AV. The fire stones carry : Ethnographic records and archaeological expectations for hot2rock cookery in western North America. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 2008, 27 : 4432460. [12 ] Thoms AV. Rocks of ages : propagation of hot2rock cookery in western North America. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2009, 36 : 5732591. [13 ] James S. Hominid use of fire in the lower and middle Pleistocene. Current Anthropology, 1989, 30 : 1226. [14 ] Goren2Inbar N, Alperson N, Kislev M, et al. Evidence of hominin control of fire at Gesher Benot Yaπaqvo, Israel. Science, 2004, 304 :7252727. [15 ] Wu X. Investigating the possible use of fire at Zhoukoudian, China. Science, 1999, 283 :299. [16 ] Liu Wu, Wu Xianzhu, Li Yiyin, et al. Evidence of fire use of late Pleistocene humans from Huanglong Cave, Hubei Province, China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2009, 54 (2) : 2562264. A Study of Fire2Use Activities at Shuidonggou Locality 12 GAO Xing 1,2, WAN G Hui2min 2,3, LIU De2cheng 1,2, PEI Shu2wen 1,2 CHEN Fu2you 1,2, ZHAN G Xiao2ling 1,2, ZHAN G Yue 1,2 (1. Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044 ; 2. Laboratory of Human Evolution and Archaeometry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044 ; 3. Ningxia Institute of Archaeology, Yinchuan 750001) Abstract : In 2007, over ten thousand cracked stone pieces were unearthed during a test excavation from a thick ashy layer at Locality 12 of the Shuidonggou Paleolithic site in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, North China. The cultural horizon yielding such fractured stone was dated to 11000 12000 BP by AMS and OSL methods. Morphological observations and lithological analysis of the broken stones indicated that they were the result of ancient human selection, transport, heating, and utilization. Experimental studies on similar lithic materials support the idea that such cracked pieces went through the process of repeated heating and water immersion. Therefore, it is presumed that these pieces werecook stonesused by ancient humans to aid in the cooking of foods and boiling of water. Chemical tests on water samples collected from ground and underground sources near the site indicate a high intestinal Bacillus content, and thus natural water could not have been utilized directly without heat treatment. Paleoenvironmental studies point out that during the late Upper Pleistocene, many kinds of plant food resources were available to human groups living in the region, and that some of such plant foods, especially seeds, would be edible to humans only after being boiled or cooked. It is the first time that evidence of complex and an indirect way of fire use, i. e., hot2rock cookery, has been recognized from Paleolithic remains in China, and thus, such boiling stones provide valuable information for studying ancient human adaptative strategies and the development of human fire2use history. Key words : Burnt stones ; Hot2rock cookery ; Shuidonggou Locality 12 ; Late Upper Pleistocene