Biology I Level - 2nd Semester Final Review The 2 nd Semester Final encompasses all material that was discussed during second semester. It s important that you review ALL notes and worksheets from the ENTIRE SEMESTER. It might be beneficial to make notecards of the material to help you review for the final. Topics covered for this final include DNA, RNA and Proteins; Genetic Engineering, Genetics and Evolution. USE A SEPARATE PIECE OF PAPER TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. DNA, RNA and Proteins Vocabulary for DNA, RNA, and Proteins: a. Nucleotide b. DNA c. Replication d. Transcription e. Translation f. mrna g. trna h. Codon/Anti-codon i. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote j. Mutation 1. Where is DNA located in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? 2. What are the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA? In RNA? 3. List the 3 parts of one DNA nucleotide. 4. Consider the DNA molecule to be a ladder. What molecules make up the sides of the ladder, and what molecules make up the rungs of the ladder? 5. In DNA, what is complementary base pairing? What are the rules? How is this important in DNA replication? 6. What happens during DNA replication and what is the end result? 7. What are the 3 main differences between DNA and RNA? 8. What is transcription? Where does it take place in the cell? What is the end result (construct a labeled diagram) 9. Draw a picture and label the process of transcription. (include key terms from class) 1
10. What is translation? Where does it take place in a cell? (construct a labeled diagram of trna connecting to mrna and amino acids linking to form proteins) 11. What is the significance (importance) of mrna to protein synthesis? 12. What is another name for the building blocks of proteins? 13. Draw and label a trna molecule. 14. What is the job of trna in protein synthesis? 15. What is the difference between a codon and anticodon? (Where are codons and anti-codons located?) 16. Understand mutations in terms of the DNA sequence. 17. What is the function of a ribosome? Genetic Engineering Vocabulary for Genetic Engineering: a. Genetic engineering b. Restriction enzyme (construct a diagram) c. Recombinant DNA d. Transgenic organism e. Hybrid f. Plasmid. g. DNA Fingerprinting h. Sticky ends i. Gene j. Transformation k. Cloning (construct a diagram of how a clone is produced) 1. How does gel electrophoresis separate pieces of DNA? Mention size and speed. 2. Be familiar with the various uses of electrophoresis. 3. Know how to compare DNA fingerprints and know what information they can give. 4. Construct a diagram of genetic engineering. 5. Know the difference between hybridization, selective breeding and genetic engineering. 6. Be able to recognize in a drawing the action of restriction enzymes. 7. Understand what the fragments are telling you in a DNA fingerprint and what determines how far the fragments would travel. 8. Understand the difference between hybrids and transgenic organisms. 2
9. Be familiar with the cloning of Dolly in terms of what each sheep involved in the process contributed and which sheep was the clone. 10. How do plant (or animal) breeders create hybrids? Cells Vocabulary for Cells: a. Chromosome b. Cell Structures: (Know the location and function of the following) Lysosome Mitochondria Chloroplasts Nucleus Ribosomes Vacuoles Cell Membrane 3
Cell Wall c. Eukaryote d. Prokaryote 1. How could you tell the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell when looking at cells under the microscope? 2. What are the differences between plant and animal cells? 3. Explain the following in terms of movement of molecules, concentration and energy needs. Passive Transport Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport 4. What is true about the movement of molecules once substances have reached equilibrium? Cell Division Vocabulary for Cell Division: a. Cancer b. Chromosome c. Chromatid d. Crossing over e. Diploid f. Gamete g. Haploid h. Somatic cell i. Stem cells 1. Know the relationship between the cell shape and/or size and cell efficiency (surface area to volume ratio). 2. Mitosis: (Recognize the stages and be able to put them in the correct order.) 4
What is the purpose of mitosis? What kinds of cells go through this process? What are the results of this process? 3. Meiosis: (Recognize the stages and be able to put them in the correct order.) What is the purpose of meiosis? What kinds of cells go through this process? What are the results of this process? 4. When does crossing-over occur and what is its value? 5. Define and give examples of cell specialization. Genetics Vocabulary for Genetics: a. Gregor Mendel b. Alleles c. Genotype d. Phenotype e. Homozygous f. Heterozygous g. Dominant h. Recessive i. Carrier j. Complete Dominance (Punnett Square Problems) k. Incomplete Dominance (Punnett Square Problems) l. Co-Dominance (Punnett Square Problems) m. Sex Linked Traits (Punnett Square Problems) n. Pedigree Problems 1. What are Mendel s contributions to the study of genetics? 2. What are the sex chromosomes for a male? 3. What are the sex chromosomes for a female? 4. What are the phenotypes and genotypes for the 4 different types of blood? 5
5. A man who is homozygous for blue eyes marries a woman who is heterozygous for brown eyes. What are the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of their offspring? 6. Black fur is dominant to cream fur in Cocker Spaniel dogs, however a heterozygous genotype produces tan colored Cocker Spaniel puppies. If a tan male Cocker Spaniel dog mates with a cream colored female. What will their offspring look like? 7. A mother has blood type O and the father is heterozygous for type A blood. What are the possible blood types of their offspring? 8. In fruit flies, red eyes are dominant over white eyes. This gene is X-linked. What kind of female offspring will result from the cross of a white eyed female and a red eyed male? 9. Review Pedigree problems REVIEW ALL OF YOUR NOTES, LABS, & WORKSHEETS 6