First order wave equations. Transport equation is conservation law with J = cu, u t + cu x = 0, < x <.

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First order wave equations Transport equation is conservation law with J = cu, u t + cu x = 0, < x <.

First order wave equations Transport equation is conservation law with J = cu, u t + cu x = 0, < x <. Regard as directional derivative u v = 0, with v = (1, c).

First order wave equations Transport equation is conservation law with J = cu, u t + cu x = 0, < x <. Regard as directional derivative u v = 0, with v = (1, c). Therefore u is a constant on lines parallel to v, having form x ct = x 0. These are known as characteristic curves.

First order wave equations Transport equation is conservation law with J = cu, u t + cu x = 0, < x <. Regard as directional derivative u v = 0, with v = (1, c). Therefore u is a constant on lines parallel to v, having form x ct = x 0. These are known as characteristic curves. It follows u is function of x ct alone: u(x, t) = f (x ct).

First order wave equations More generally au x + bu y = 0 has characteristic curves f the form bx ay = C, and general solution is therefore u(x, t) = f (bx ay).

First order wave equations More generally au x + bu y = 0 has characteristic curves f the form bx ay = C, and general solution is therefore u(x, t) = f (bx ay). Function f () is determined by boundary conditions.

First order wave equations More generally au x + bu y = 0 has characteristic curves f the form bx ay = C, and general solution is therefore u(x, t) = f (bx ay). Function f () is determined by boundary conditions. Remark: since u(x, y) is constant along characteristic curves, boundary data must be compatible.

First order wave equations, example Solve u x = u y subject to u(x, y) = sin(x) on the line y = x.

First order wave equations, example Solve u x = u y subject to u(x, y) = sin(x) on the line y = x. Most general solution is u(x, y) = f (x + y).

First order wave equations, example Solve u x = u y subject to u(x, y) = sin(x) on the line y = x. Most general solution is u(x, y) = f (x + y). On the line y = x we have sin(x) = u(x, y) = f (2x).

First order wave equations, example Solve u x = u y subject to u(x, y) = sin(x) on the line y = x. Most general solution is u(x, y) = f (x + y). On the line y = x we have sin(x) = u(x, y) = f (2x). To find function f (), set z = 2x, so that f (z) = sin(z/2).

First order wave equations, example Solve u x = u y subject to u(x, y) = sin(x) on the line y = x. Most general solution is u(x, y) = f (x + y). On the line y = x we have sin(x) = u(x, y) = f (2x). To find function f (), set z = 2x, so that f (z) = sin(z/2). Complete solution is therefore u(x, y) = sin((x + y)/2).

Second order wave equations Consider the wave equation u tt c 2 u xx = 0, x (, ).

Second order wave equations Consider the wave equation u tt c 2 u xx = 0, x (, ). Factor the linear operator: ( t c ) ( x t + c ) u = 0. x

Second order wave equations Consider the wave equation u tt c 2 u xx = 0, x (, ). Factor the linear operator: ( t c ) ( x t + c ) u = 0. x Setting v = u t + cu x, get two equations v t cv x = 0, u t + cu x = v.

Second order wave equations Consider the wave equation u tt c 2 u xx = 0, x (, ). Factor the linear operator: ( t c ) ( x t + c ) u = 0. x Setting v = u t + cu x, get two equations v t cv x = 0, u t + cu x = v. General solution to the first equation is v = h(x + ct), and u t + cu x = h(x + ct).

Second order wave equations Consider the wave equation u tt c 2 u xx = 0, x (, ). Factor the linear operator: ( t c ) ( x t + c ) u = 0. x Setting v = u t + cu x, get two equations v t cv x = 0, u t + cu x = v. General solution to the first equation is v = h(x + ct), and u t + cu x = h(x + ct). Can show particular solution has form u p = f (x + ct); complimentary solution has form u hom = g(x ct), therefore u = u hom + u p = g(x ct) + f (x + ct).

Second order wave equations,cont. Now satisfy the initial conditions: u(x, 0) = u 0 (x), u t (x, 0) = v 0 (x)

Second order wave equations,cont. Now satisfy the initial conditions: u(x, 0) = u 0 (x), u t (x, 0) = v 0 (x) Inserting into general solution f (x) + g(x) = u 0 (x), f (x) g (x) = 1 c v 0(x).

Second order wave equations,cont. Now satisfy the initial conditions: u(x, 0) = u 0 (x), u t (x, 0) = v 0 (x) Inserting into general solution f (x) + g(x) = u 0 (x), f (x) g (x) = 1 c v 0(x). Integrating the second, f (x) g(x) = 1 c x 0 v 0 (x )dx + K.

Second order wave equations,cont. Now satisfy the initial conditions: u(x, 0) = u 0 (x), u t (x, 0) = v 0 (x) Inserting into general solution f (x) + g(x) = u 0 (x), f (x) g (x) = 1 c v 0(x). Integrating the second, f (x) g(x) = 1 c x 0 v 0 (x )dx + K. Use method of elimination f (x) = 1 ( 2 u0 (x) + 1 x c 0 v 0(x )dx + K ), g(x) = 1 ( 2 u0 (x) 1 x c 0 v 0(x )dx K )

Second order wave equations,cont. Now satisfy the initial conditions: u(x, 0) = u 0 (x), u t (x, 0) = v 0 (x) Inserting into general solution f (x) + g(x) = u 0 (x), f (x) g (x) = 1 c v 0(x). Integrating the second, f (x) g(x) = 1 c x 0 v 0 (x )dx + K. Use method of elimination f (x) = 1 ( 2 u0 (x) + 1 x c 0 v 0(x )dx + K ), g(x) = 1 ( 2 u0 (x) 1 x c 0 v 0(x )dx K ) Complete solution is therefore d Alembert s formula u = f (x+ct)+g(x ct) = 1 2 (u 0(x + ct) + u 0 (x ct))+ 1 2c x+ct x ct v 0 (x )dx.

Generalized second order equation Notice that u xx + (a b)u xy abu yy = 0 can be factored as ( x + a ) ( y x b ) u = 0. y which can be written as the system v x + av y = 0, u x bu y = v.

Generalized second order equation Notice that u xx + (a b)u xy abu yy = 0 can be factored as ( x + a ) ( y x b ) u = 0. y which can be written as the system v x + av y = 0, u x bu y = v. Using same process as before, general solution is u(x, y) = f (y ax) + g(y + bx)

Generalized second order equation, example Want a d Alembert-type solution for u xx + u xy 20u yy = 0 subject to initial conditions u(x, 0) = φ(x) and u y (x, 0) = ψ(x).

Generalized second order equation, example Want a d Alembert-type solution for u xx + u xy 20u yy = 0 subject to initial conditions u(x, 0) = φ(x) and u y (x, 0) = ψ(x). Factoring gives ( x + 5 ) ( y x 4 ) u = 0. y so that general solution is u(x, y) = g(4x + y) + f (5x y).

Generalized second order equation, example With general solution u(x, t) = g(4x + y) + f (5x y), satisfying initial data gives g(4x) + f (5x) = φ(x), g (4x) f (5x) = ψ(x).

Generalized second order equation, example With general solution u(x, t) = g(4x + y) + f (5x y), satisfying initial data gives g(4x) + f (5x) = φ(x), g (4x) f (5x) = ψ(x). Integration of the second equation gives 1 4 g(4x) 1 5 f (5x) = x 0 ψ(x )dx + C.

Generalized second order equation, example With general solution u(x, t) = g(4x + y) + f (5x y), satisfying initial data gives g(4x) + f (5x) = φ(x), g (4x) f (5x) = ψ(x). Integration of the second equation gives 1 4 g(4x) 1 5 f (5x) = Using elimination to solve, g(4x) = 4 9 φ(x) + 20 9 f (5x) = 5 9 φ(x) 20 9 x 0 x 0 x 0 ψ(x )dx + C. ψ(x )dx + 20C 9, ψ(x )dx 20C 9.

Generalized second order equation, example With general solution u(x, t) = g(4x + y) + f (5x y), satisfying initial data gives g(4x) + f (5x) = φ(x), g (4x) f (5x) = ψ(x). Integration of the second equation gives 1 4 g(4x) 1 5 f (5x) = Using elimination to solve, It follows that g(4x) = 4 9 φ(x) + 20 9 f (5x) = 5 9 φ(x) 20 9 x 0 x 0 x 0 ψ(x )dx + C. ψ(x )dx + 20C 9, ψ(x )dx 20C 9. u(x, y) = g(4x + y) + f (5x y) = g(4(x + y/4)) + f (5(x y/5)) = 4 9 φ(x + y/4) + 4 9 φ(x y/5) + 20 9 x+y/4 x y/5 ψ(x )dx.

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