Chapter No. CONTENTS CHAPTERS ON LIVING MATTER 1. Food: Where does it come from? 2. Components of Food 3. Fibre to Fabric 7. Getting to Know Plants 8. Body Movements 9. The Living Organism and their surroundings Chapters in this file For ease of understanding, Chapters in the Book can be grouped into those dealing with Living Matter and those concerning Nonliving matter, as follows. The first two pdf on the subject deal with living matter only Chapter 7 Getting to Know Plants Questions at the end of the Chapter 1. Correct the following statements and rewrite them in your notebook. Correct statements are given here. 1.1 Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil. 1.2 Stem holds the plant upright. 1.3 Stems conduct water to the leaves. 1.4 The number of petals and sepals in a flower is always equal. 1.5 If the sepals of a flower are joined together, its petals may not be joined together. 1.6 If the petals of a flower are joined together, it is not necessary that the pistil is joined to the petal. 2. What is the function of a stem in a plant? Answer. The function of the stem is to hold the plant upright, to bear leaves, flowers, fruits, and to conduct water from the roots to the leaves. 3. Which of the following leaves have reticulate venation? 10x10 Learning TM Page 1
Answer. Reticulate venation is in leaves of wheat, tulsi, coriander (dhania), and china rose. 4. If a plant has fibrous root, what type of venation its leaves are likely to have? Answer. If a plant has fibrous roots, its leaves will have parallel venation. 5. If a plant has leaves with reticulate venation, what kind of roots will it have? Answer. If a plant has leaves with reticulate venation, its roots will be of a tap root structure. 6. Is it possible for you to find out whether a plant has taproot or fibrous roots by looking at the impression of its leaf on a sheet of paper? Answer. Yes. If the leaf impression has reticulate venation, it will have a tap root. It has a parallel venation, it will have fibrous roots. 7. Write the names of the parts of a flower. Answer. The parts of a flower are : sepals, petals, stamens, pistil, anther, filament, style, stigma, Ovary, ovules. 8. Which of the following plants have you seen? Of those that you have seen, which one have flowers? Grass, maize, wheat, chilli, tomato, tulsi, pipal, shisham, banyan, mango, jamun, guava, pomegranate, papaya, banana, lemon, sugarcane, potato, groundnut. Plants with flowers Plants with NO flowers 1. Maize Grass 2. wheat pipal 3. Chilli Banyan 4. Tomato sugarcane 5. Tulsi shisham 6. mango banana 7. Jamun 8. guava 9. pomegranate 10. papaya 11. lemon 10x10 Learning TM Page 2
12. potato 13. groundnut 9. Name the part of the plant which produces its food. Name this process. Answer. The leaves of the plant produce its food. In the presence of sunlight, air and water, the green colour substance in the leaves called chlorophyll, separates the oxygen from the carbon dioxide. The oxygen is thrown back into the air. The leaves keep back the carbon, and use it as raw material to make food, called fruit sugar. The fruit sugar is converted into carbohydrate. Excess of fruit sugar is sent to the flower, where it stored it in the ovary. The ovary grows in a fruit. When the fruit is ripe, it is eaten by animals, birds and humans as food. 10. In which part of a flower, you are likely to find the ovary? Answer. Ovary is to be found at the bottom end of the flower, in its inner most whorl. 11. Name two flowers, each with joined and separated sepals. 10x10 Learning TM Page 3
Answer. Rose and brinjal flowers have separate sepals. Lady finger and mustard flowers have joined sepals. Chapter 8 Body Movements Ch. 15. Movement and Locomotion: Functions of Human Skeleton (1) Provides support and a (6) Tissues in the Marrow of long bones, forms new blood cells definite shape with 213 bones. (2) Protection of several delicate organs such as the brain by the skull (5) Provide Leverage as some bones and joints, form levers that increase speed and distance of movement by a muscle. (3) Serve as Store houses of calcium and phosphorus, for use by other parts of the body. (4) Provide movement through muscles attached to bones 10x10learning.com 2 Q.1. Fill in the blanks: a. Joints of the bones help in the movement of the body. b. A combination of bones and cartilages forms the skeleton of the body. c. The bones at the elbow are joined by a ball and socket joint. d. The contraction of the muscle pulls the bones during movement. 10x10 Learning TM Page 4
2. Indicate true (T) and false (F) among the following sentences. 2.1 The movement and locomotion of all animals is exactly the same. (False ) 2.2 The cartilages are harder than bones. ( False ) 2.3 The finger bones do not have joints. (False ) 2.4 The fore arm has two bones. (True ) 2.5 Cockroaches have an outer skeleton. (True) Q. 3. Match column 1 correctly with items of column 2. Column 1 Column 2 Upper jaw Is an immovable joint Fish Have fins on the body Ribs Protect the heart Snail Shows very slow movement Cockroach Has an outer skeleton Q. 4. Answer the following: (a) What is a ball and socket joint? Answer. A ball and socket joint is the joint that allows movement in a complete circle. The hip and shoulder joints are examples of ball and socket joints. (b) Which of the skull bones are movable? Answer. The lower jaw is the only skull bone that is movable. (c) Why can our elbow not move backwards? Answer. Our elbow is a hinge joint that can be moved only one way 10x10 Learning TM Page 5
The constituents of Skeleton include - (a) Bones: consist of organic and inorganic substances. 2/3 rd of bone structure is inorganic. If its inorganic substances are removed by dissolving them in weak hydrochloric acid, the organic part of the bone remains. This is as soft as cloth, and can be tied into a knot. If the bone is heated strongly, its organic matter gets destroyed or oxidized, and the mineral part turns into ash. (b) Cartilages: support and connect and give shape to external projections such as nose and ears. (c) Ligaments : that bind the bones together. On basis of shape, bones are classified as (a) long (b) short (c) flat (d) Irregular 10x10learning.com 3 Chapter 9 The Living Organism and their surroundings Internal Growth Growth in Living Organisms Cellular organisation is internal Cells increase in size and number to cause internal growth Differential Growth Substances in food causes different parts of the body to grow in different proportions Food is converted into protoplasm to enable cells to absorb it easily Growth is Irreversible Growth in living organism cannot be reversed. The movement of growth is always forward and never backward. 10x10 Learning TM Page 6
Why food is needed by all life forms? 1. All living matter or life forms have the following common factors between them. All life forms are born. All breathe oxygen either from air or from water. They all grow when supported by water and food. They all have movement. They create their own kind. Finally all life forms end or die. Figure 9.2 Common features of all life forms. 1. All life forms are born 2. All breathe oxygen All life forms finally come to an end or die Characteristics common to all life forms: mosses and lichens, vegetation, animals and birds, marine life, micro organisms, and humans 3. They all grow They create their own kind through seeds They all have movement 2. The plants grow out of seeds or shoots of roots. They breathe through their leaves. They need water to grow. They drink water through their roots. 10x10 Learning TM Page 7
3. Plants produce their own food in their leaves. But they need water and sunlight for making their food. They store extra food in their fruits. 4. The fruits are to protect the seeds. Therefore, every fruit has one or many seeds in it. Some small plants grow and die in two to four months. Such plants have only flowers but no fruits. Some such plants give fruits, which are called vegetables by humans. 5. Some plants grow into trees. Plants and trees can be said to be fixed by their roots. Yet they travel, or have locomotion, in the following ways: 5.1 The birds that carry away their fruits, eat the fruit and throw the seed core on the ground. This makes the plants to grow at distant places. 5.2 The climber and creeper plants spread on to a large area around them. 5.3 The banyan trees grow extra trunks and roots from their top branches to support the larger canopy. This makes the tree move on to a larger area around its main trunk. 5.4 The seeds are also carried far away by wind and water. These seeds grow in plants and trees of the same kind. 5.5 The coconut tree has been able to move on to many countries by travelling on water. As the coconut trees grow along the coastal areas, the fruits fall in to the sea. The fallen coconuts float on the sea waves for many days. After reaching land, they grow into new coconut plants, in a new part of the world. 5.6 For all the above reasons, the plants are believed to move and have locomotion. Questions at the end of the Chapter 10x10 Learning TM Page 8
1. What is a habitat? Answer. The natural surrounding where plants and animals life forms live, is called a habitat. A habitat is also called an ecosystem, because plants and animals support one another. 2. How are cactus adapted to survive in a desert? Answer. Cactus have very thick leaves in which water is stored. They have a wax like substance that covers the leaves. This prevents water from evaporating. They have very deep roots that try to get water from lower levels of the soil. 3. Fill up the blanks 2.1 The presence of specific features, which enable a plant or an animal to live in a particular habitat, is called adaptation. 2.2 The habitats of the plants and animals that live on land are called terrestrial habitat. 2.3 The habitats of plants and animals that live in water are called aquatic habitat. 2.4 Soil, water and air are the biotic actors of a habitat. 2.5 Changes in our surroundings that make us respond to them, are called environmental changes. 4. Which of the things in the following list are nonliving? Non living = Plough, Sewing machine, Radio, Boat Living = Water hyacinth, Earthworm Mushroom 3. Give an example of a non living thing, which shows any two characteristics of living things. Answer. Table and chair are non living but have four legs each. This is like the four legs of many animals. Yet the two cannot use their legs for any movement. 6. Which of the non living things listed below, were once part of a living thing? Answer. The following were once a part of a living thing: Butter, Leather, Wool, Cooking oil, Apple, Rubber, soil. 10x10 Learning TM Page 9
6. List the common characteristics of the living things. 1. Respiration 2. Sensitivity 3. Organism 4. Shape and size 5. Nutrition 6. Movement 7. Growth and repair 8. Reproduction 9. Maintaining internal conditions 10. Cellular organization 11. Excretion 12. Live span and death Characteristics of living organism Respiration movement Growth and repair Live span and death Sensitivity Nutrition Reproduct ion Excretion Organism Shape and size Maintaini ng internal condition s Cellular organizati on 7. Explain, why speed is important for survival in the grasslands for animals that live there. 10x10 Learning TM Page 10
Answer. Carnivorous animals like lion, tiger, antelope, panther all live in grasslands. These large animals hunt down other smaller animals such as deer, antelope, etc for food. Therefore, to survive in grassland only animals that can run fast can survive. A Habitat is also called an Ecosystem. It includes all these aspects. For class 6 read only the green and purple quarters (b) Air for respiration of plants and animals and CO2 for photosynthesis. It serves as medium of flight for birds and insects, and as an agency for dispersal of seeds and pollen grains for plants in the form of winds. (c ) Water: received as rainfall, absorbed by plants and soil, and accumulated by ponds, lakes and rivers. Used by life forms for drinking. (d) Warmth in the forest influences the activities of living organisms. (e) Soil: is the primary component for all action of life as provider of mineral and nutrients to plant life, micro organisms, burrows and living spaces for animals. Tropic level 1 (producers, plants) Tropic level 2 Primary herbivore consumer Tropic level 3 Secondary consumer -carnivore Tropic level 4 Tertiary consumer Ecosystem The ABIOTIC or nonliving component of Forest consists of (a) Sunlight that is for production of plant food by photosynthesis. BIOTIC or living component of the forest ecosystem consists of four Tropic levels from the green plants at level 1 to Tertiary or top level consumers. -Pond ecosystem - River ecosystem - Forest ecosystem coastal area ecosystem - lagoon ecosystem Flora are plants naturally occurring in the ecosystem. Fauna : are animals in the ecosystem An ecosystem is a self contained area composed of different organisms, living and interacting with sunlight. Air, water, soil, climatic factors, prevailing in the area An ecosystem has (a) food producers, (b) primary and secondary consumers, (c) Decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. 10x10 Learning TM Page 11