Classical, Semi-classical and Quantum Noise

Classical, Semi-classical and Quantum Noise

Leon Cohen H. Vincent Poor Marlan O. Scully Editors Classical, Semi-classical and Quantum Noise 123

Editors Leon Cohen Hunter College and Graduate Center City University of New York Park Ave. 695 10065 New York USA leon.cohen@hunter.cuny.edu H. Vincent Poor School of Engineering and Applied Science Princeton University Olden Street 08544 Princeton, New Jersey USA poor@princeton.edu Marlan O. Scully Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544 Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843 USA mscully@princeton.edu ISBN 978-1-4419-6623-0 e-isbn 978-1-4419-6624-7 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6624-7 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011943092 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface David Middleton was a towering figure of the Twentieth Century engineering and science. He was the originator of many fundamental ideas and methods, and was one of the founders of statistical communication theory. To honor David s contributions, a symposium, The Middleton Meeting on Classical, Semiclassical, and Quantum Noise, was held on November 2 and 3, 2007, at Princeton University. David was present at the symposium and gave one of the talks. This book is an outcome of that meeting. David s seminal contributions span more than six decades and have had a major impact on many fields, including radar, sonar, communications, noise theory, and probability theory, among many others. His work was a unique blend of fundamental theory and applications. During the second world war, a young David Middleton working with John H. Van Fleck (who would go on to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics) devised the notion of the matched filter, which is the most basic method used in detecting signals in noise. At the same time, and working independently, D.O. North developed the same idea. In 1960, after making many pioneering contributions, David published a book that has become a classic in the field: An Introduction to Statistical Communication Theory. This is a monumental book that had, and continues to have, a profound impact on researchers in many fields. It became the basic book for learning stochastic processes and communication theory for thousands of engineers and scientists over the intervening years. Over the past 10 years or so, David was writing a new book entitled Elements of Non-Gaussian Space-Time Statistical Communication Theory, Propagation, Noise, and Signal Processing in the Canonical Channel. Sadly, David passed away on November 16, 2008, at the age of 88 years, before this second masterwork could be completed. However, the material that he had already completed represents a major contribution in itself, and will be published posthumously in the near future. In the final chapter of the current volume, we include the Introduction to his new book. It is a wonderful presentation of the field of communication, and of his own views on the field that he developed over the past 60 years. v

vi Preface We wish to express our deep appreciation to the authors who contributed to this volume, which is a very fitting tribute to our late friend and colleague David Middleton. Leon Cohen H. Vincent Poor Marlan O. Scully

Contents 1 David Middleton... 1 Julian J. Bussgang 2 Sequential Bayesian Detection: A Model-Based Approach... 9 James V. Candy 3 The Propagation of Noise Fields in a Dispersive Medium... 19 Leon Cohen 4 How Does Noise Affect a Quantum State?... 45 Joseph H. Eberly and Ting Yu 5 Graph Theoretic Methods in Coding Theory... 53 Salim El Rouayheb and Costas N. Georghiades 6 The Statistics of the Atomic Clock Noise... 63 Lorenzo Galleani 7 Effect of Noise on Quantized Adiabatic Charge Transport in 2D Electron Systems and Nanotubes... 79 Godfrey Gumbs 8 The Ubiquitous Matched Filter: A Tutorial and Application to Radar Detection... 91 Steven Kay and Muralidhar Rangaswamy 9 Noise-Driven Informatics: Secure Classical Communications via Wire and Noise-Based Computing... 109 Laszlo B. Kish 10 Denoising and Time-Frequency Analysis of Signals... 119 Patrick J. Loughlin vii

viii Contents 11 Electromagnetically Induced Transparency with Fields Spectrally Broadened by Phase Noise... 131 Eugeniy Mikhailov, Yuri V. Rostovtsev, and George R. Welch 12 Multiple-Access Interference... 145 H. Vincent Poor 13 Classical Capacities of Bosonic Channels... 157 Jeffrey H. Shapiro 14 The Physics of Ghost Imaging... 169 Yanhua Shih 15 Milestones in the History of Probability... 223 Michael F. Shlesinger 16 Fluctuations in Two Component Interacting Bose Einstein Condensate... 235 Andrii S. Sizhuk, Anatoly A. Svidzinsky, and Marlan O. Scully 17 Entanglement Criteria for Continuous-Variable Systems... 249 Qingqing Sun and M. Suhail Zubairy 18 Quantum Carpets: Factorization with Degeneracies... 259 Sabine Wölk and Wolfgang P. Schleich 19 Co-channel Interference Modeling and Analysis in a Poisson Field of Interferers in Wireless Communications... 271 Xueshi Yang and Athina P. Petropulu 20 Introduction to: Elements of Non-Gaussian Space-Time Statistical Communication Theory, Propagation, Noise, and Signal Processing in the Canonical Channel... 283 David Middleton

Contributors Julian J. Bussgang Student of David Middleton, Founder and President of Signatron, Inc., Lexington, MA, USA, Life Fellow of the IEEE James V. Candy Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA Leon Cohen Department of Physics, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, USA Joseph H. Eberly Rochester Theory Center and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA Salim El Rouayheb ECE Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Lorenzo Galleani Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, Torino, Italy Costas N. Georghiades ECE Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Godfrey Gumbs Physics Department, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA Steven Kay Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA Laszlo B. Kish Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Patrick J. Loughlin Department of Bioengineering & ECE, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Eugeniy Mikhailov College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA Athina P. Petropulu ECE Department, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA ix

x Contributors H. Vincent Poor School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA Muralidhar Rangaswamy Air Force Research Laboratory Sensors Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA, USA Yuri V. Rostovtsev Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA Or Department of Physics, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311427, Denton, TX, USA Wolfgang P. Schleich Institut für Quantenphysik, UniversitätUlm, Ulm, Germany Marlan O. Scully Institute for Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Applied Physics and Materials Science Group, Engineering Quad, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA Jeffrey H. Shapiro Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Yanhua Shih Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA Michael F. Shlesinger United States Naval Academy, Physics Department, Annapolis MD, USA Office of Naval Research, Code 30, Arlington, VA, USA Andrii S. Sizhuk Institute for Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Qingqing Sun Department of Physics and Institute of Quantum Studies, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Anatoly A. Svidzinsky Institute for Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA George R. Welch Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Sabine Wölk Institut für Quantenphysik, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany Xueshi Yang Marvell Semiconductor Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA Ting Yu Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA M. Suhail Zubairy Department of Physics and Institute of Quantum Studies, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA