L. fabarum L. fabarum.

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(201-210) 1391 1 43 Aphis fabae Lysiphlebus fabarum 3 3 2 *1 1 2 (90/12/2 : 90/6/5 : ).. - - Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) -.. ( 15 ). -. -... - -... L. fabarum L. fabarum. : E-mail:arasekh@ut.ac.ir 09126603166 : : *

1391 1 43 202.(Roitberg et al., 1992) ( ) Roitberg et al., ).(1992 ( ) ( ) Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) Aphis fabae Scopoli L.. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) fabarum Stary, 1999; Meyhofer ) 45.(& Klug, 2002 Baghery-Matin ).(Stary, 1999).(et al., 2005; Baroon, 2007 1386. Aphis fabae Lysiphlebus fabarum (Houston et al., 1988) ) ( ) Collins & Dixon, 1986; Luck, 1990; ) ( Roitberg, 1990; Visser et al., 1990; Michaud,.(1994; (Mangel. and Roitberg, 1989).(Wajnberg, 2006) (Bernstein et al.,.1988; Tentelier et al., 2006) Michaud, 1995; Michaud, ) (1996..(Tauber et al., 1986).

203... :». «) Voice ) (. (recorder.... 25. 7/5 25 ( 40 37). ( 20 8)... ) 16 %65-75 20±1 C. ( 8 L. fabarum (± 6 h).. (72±4 h). ) ( ( 20 8). 0/95 ). ( 7 3/5) %30 ( ) ( ). (.. 3/5) 3-4 ( 15.. (Open patch)». «

1391 1 43 204. L. fabarum ( 8 16) -. 3-6 (n =18) 7-10 (n =18). ( - ) -.(1 ) Mann Whitney U-.(SPSS, 1998) test. (n =72). 16) - ( 8 (n =18) - - ( 14 10). - -. -. ( ) (75 25 ) Lysiphlebus fabarum -1. (n=18 /) - (n=18 / ) - P U 0/001 54/0 0/001 55/0 0/003 71/0 0/037 96/0 ( / ) - /- - / - 28/4 (19/3 41/2) 12/6 (2/6 20/5) () 28/3 (19/2 40/2) 12/5 (2/6 20/5) () 2/0 (1/3 3/7) 4/0 (3/4 6/1) () 1/0 (0/1 0/0) 0/0 (0/0 0/0) 0/024 91/0 20/0 (9/3 25/0) 8/0 (2/0 19/0) 0/005 75/5 54/0 (24/0 66/8) 18/5 (3/8 38/0) -.(1 ) -. 1

205... :.(2 ) - 25 ) Lysiphlebus fabarum.2. (n=18 /) - (n=18 / ) - (75 ( / ) P U - /- - / - 0/203 122/5 0/0 (0/0 0/2) 0/0 (0/0 0/0) () 0/226 123/0 0/0 (0/1 0/0) 0/0 (0/0 0/0) 0/001 59/0 6/8 (4/8 10/3) 3/0 (0/7 6/1) () 0/003 70/5 18/5 (9/8 23/3) 6/5 (1/8 14/0) 0/279 127/0 0/13 (0/0 1/8) 0/0 (0/0 0/5) () 0/791 153/0 1/5 (0/0 11/3) 0/0 (0/0 3/0) 0/004 72/0 13/8 (9/0 16/0) 7/6 (0/6 9/6) () 0/005 75/5 20/5 (10/5 24/0) 8/5 (1/8 15/5) 0/372 133/0 2/7 (1/2 4/5) 1/7 (0/0 5/2) () 0/034 95/0 8/0 (3/5 10/0) 2/5 (0/0 5/5).(U =96/0 P =0/037).(3 ) 7-10 3-6.1 U... - - ).(1

1391 1 43 206.(4 ). (75 25 ) Aphis fabae -3 - (n=18 / ) - Lysiphlebus fabarum. (n=18 /) ( / ) P U - /- - / - 0/226 0/308 0/501 0/110 123/0 129/5 140/0 111/0 4/0 (1/5 7/0) 0/0 (0/1 0/0) 1/5 (0/3 0/0) 0/0 (0/1 0/0) 1/0 (0/0 5/3) 0/0 (0/0 0/3) 1/5 (0/3 0/0) 0/0 (0/1 0/0) 3-6 (75 25 ) Lysiphlebus fabarum -4 Aphis 15 ) (n= 18) 7-10 (n= 18). (fabae P U 0/32 130/0 12/8 (3/7 29/2) 9/6 (2/5 18/5) () 0/34 131/0 12/8 (3/7 27/5) 9/6 (2/5 18/5) () 0/029 93/0 2/5 (1/4 4/0) 4/2 (3/4 7/4) () 0/791 153/0 0/0 (0/0 0/0) 0/0 (0/0 0/0) 0/719 150/0 8/5 (3/5 17/3) 7/0 (2/0 19/0) 0/389 134/5 22/5 (7/8 63/3) 16/0 (3/8 38/0) (6 )..(5 ) (75 25 ) Lysiphlebus fabarum -5 15 ) (n= 18) 7-10 (n= 18) 3-6. (Aphis fabae P 0/36 0/36 0/08 0/3 0/89 0/91 0/42 0/42 0/63 0/56 U 132/5 132/0 106/5 128/5 157/0 158/5 136/0 136/0 146/0 143/0 0/0 (0/0 0/1) 0/0 (0/0 1/0) 4/5 (1/6 7/2) 10/0 (3/5 21/5) 0/0 (0/0 0/4) 0/0 (0/0 2/8) 5/8 (2/0 13/0) 11/0 (3/5 15/5) 0/37 (0/0 4/3) 3/0 (0/8 8/3) 0/0 (0/0 0/0) 0/0 (0/0 0/0) 2/2 (0/7 5/6) 5/5 (1/8 14/0) 0/0 (0/0 0/6) 0/0 (0/0 3/5) 4/5 (0/6 8/9) 5/0 (1/8 14/8) 1/9 (0/0 5/2) 2/0 (0/0 5/5) () () () () ()

207... : (75 25 ) Aphis fabae -6 (n= 18) 7-10 (n= 18) 3-6 Lysiphlebus fabarum. (Aphis fabae 15 ) P U 0/37 133/5 2/5 (0/0 6/0) 1/0 (0/0 3/3) 0/9 156/0 0/0 (0/0 0/3) 0/0 (0/0 0/0) 0/52 141/5 0/5 (0/3 0/0) 1/5 (0/3 0/0) 0/24 124/0 0/0 (0/0 1/3) 0/0 (0/0 0/3) Drosophila spp..(roitberg et al., 1992) (- ) ( - ). (Meijer et (Lalonde & al., 1990) Cirisium arvense Mackauer et al. (1996).Roitberg, 1988) (Host value) Patch ). (value. -...... Roitberg et al., 1992; ).(Godfray, 1994.. - -. L. fabarum. Hym.: ) Leptopilina heterotoma (Eucoilidae

1391 1 43 208. - / ( ) / ( ) / ( ) /( Lysiphlebus fabarum -1 (n=18 / ) - - (n=18 / ) - /) - (n=18 /) - -. Aphis fabae ( 15 ) (n=18 -. (Rasekh et al., 2009). - -..

209... :.(Roitberg et al., 1992). L. fabarum. L. fabarum». «.... L. fabarum. REFERENCES 1. Baghery-Matin, Sh., Sahragard, A. & Rasoolian, G. R. (2005). Some behavioural characteristics of Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hym: Aphidiidae) parasitizing Aphis fabae (Hom: Aphididae) under laboratory conditions. Journal of Entomology, 2, 64-68. 2. Baroon, N. (2007). A study of population fluctuations of black bean aphid, Aphis fabae (Hom.: Aphididae) and the efficiency of its parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marsh.) (Hym.: Braconidae) on Faba bean in Ahvaz. M.S. thesis. College of Agriculture, Ahvaz University, Iran (In Farsi). 3. Bernstein, C., Kacelnik, A. & Krebs, J. R. (1988). Individual decisions and the distributions of predators in patchy environment. Journal of Animal Ecology, 57, 1007-26. 4. Collins, M. D. & Dixon, A. F. G. (1986). The effect of egg depletion on the foraging behavior of an aphid parasitoid. Journal of Applied Entomology, 102, 342-352. 5. Godfray, H. C. J. (1994). Parasitoids behavioral and evolutionary ecology. Princeton University Press. 6. Houston, A. I., Clark, C. W., Mc Namara, J. M. & Mangel, M. (1988). Dynamic models in behavioural and evolutionary ecology. Nature, 332, 29-34. 7. Lalonde, R. & Roitberg, B. D. (1988). Resource limitation and offspring size and number trade-offs in Cirisium arvense. American Journal of Botany, 76, 1107-1113. 8. Luck, R. F. (1990). Evaluation of natural enemies for biological control. Trends in Ecolology & Evolution, 5, 196-200. 9. Mackauer, M., Michaud, J. P. & Volkl, W. (1996). Host choice by aphidiid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae): Host recognition, Host quality, and Host value. The Canadian Entomologist, 6, 959-980. 10. Mangel, M. & Roitberg, B. (1989). Dynamic information and oviposition decisions in a fruit fly. Ecological Entomology, 14, 181-189. 11. Meijer, T., Daan, S. & Hall, M. (1990). Family planning in the kestrel (Falco tinnunculus): the proximate control of covariation of laying date and clutch size. Behaviour, 114, 117-136. 12. Michaud, J. P. (1994). Differences in foraging behavior between virgin and mated aphid parasitoids, (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72, 1597-1602.

1391 1 43 210 13. Michaud J. P. (1995). Static and dynamic criteria in host evaluation by aphid parasitoids (Hym.: Aphidiidae). Ph.D. dissertation. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby. British Colombia. 14. Michaud J. P. (1996). The oviposition behavior of Aphidius ervi and Monoctonus paulensis (Hym.: Aphidiidae) encountering different host species in sequential patches. Journal of Insect Behavior, 9, 683-694. 15. Rasekh, A., Michaud, J. P., Kharazi-Pakdel, A. & Allahyari, H. (2009). Ant mimicry by an aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Journal of Insect Science, 10(126), 1-14. 16. Roitberg, B. D. (1990). Optimistic and pessimistic fruit flies: Evaluating fitness consequences of estimation errors. Behaviour, 114, 65-82. 17. Roitberg, B. D., Mangel, M., Lalonde, R. G., Roitberg, C. A., van Alphen, J. J. M. & Vet, L. (1992). Seasonal dynamic shifts in patch exploitation by parasitic wasps. Behavioral Ecology, 3, 156-165. 18. SPSS. (1998). SPSS 8.0 for windows. SPSS Inc., Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 19. Stary, P. (1999). Aggregations of aphid parasitoid adults (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 105, 270-279. 20. Tauber, M. J., Tauber, C. A. & Masaki, S. (1986). Seasonal adaptations of insects. New York: Oxford University Press. 21. Tentelier, C., Desouhant, E. & Fauvergue, X. (2006). Habitat assessment by parasitoids: mechanisms for patch use behavior. Behavioral Ecology, 17, 515-521. 22. Visser, M. E., van Alphen, J. J. M. & Nell, H. W. (1990). Adaptive superparasitism and patch time allocation in solitary parasitoids: the influence of the number of parasitoids depleting the patch. Behaviour, 114, 21-36. 23. Wajnberg, E. (2006). Time allocation strategies in insect parasitoids: from ultimate predictions to proximate behavioral mechanisms. Behavioral Ecolology and Sociobiology, 60, 589-611.

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