02 OL QEN Sci Chemistry ttp_b&w.pdf 1 26/9/2017 10:56:41 AM C M Y CM MY CY CMY K SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY) See C. P. B.Sc. Hons., Dip.Ed. A. B. Terence B.Sc., M.Ed., M.A. (IDT), PGDE
Quick Exam Notes SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY) New Edition 2019 Singapore Asia Publishers Pte Ltd Published and Distributed by: Singapore Asia Publishers Pte Ltd 219 Henderson Road #10-04 Henderson Industrial Park Singapore 159556 Tel : +65 6276 8280 Fax : +65 6276 8292 Email: info.sg@sapgrp.com Website: www.sapgrp.com Facebook: Singapore-Asia-Publishers ALL RIGHTS RESERVED All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. ISBN-13 978-981-4672-95-5 ISBN-10 981-4672-95-5 Printed in Singapore SAP Global Partners Network: Antigua & Barbuda Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Bhutan Botswana Brazil Brunei Cambodia Canada Chile China Colombia Egypt Fiji Ghana Grenada Guyana India Indonesia Jamaica Japan Kenya Laos Lebanon Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mauritius Myanmar Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Rwanda Saint Lucia Saint Vincent & the Grenadines Saudi Arabia Seychelles Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Tanzania Thailand Trinidad & Tobago United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States of America Vietnam Zambia Zimbabwe For international business enquiries, email ibg@sapgrp.com www.sapgrp.com
PREFACE Quick Exam Notes Science (Chemistry) is specially compiled to help students prepare for important tests and examinations. Clear Presentation Format Notes are presented in point form for ease of understanding and systematic learning. Students will be able to review important concepts and examples quickly. Useful Illustrations A variety of diagrams, graphs and tables are included. Students will be able to understand concepts and processes easily through these helpful visual aids. The Editorial Team
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: Experimental Chemistry 1 1.1 Experimental Design 1.2 Methods of Purification and Analysis 1.3 Pure Substances 1.4 Identification of Ions and Gases CHAPTER 2: The Particulate Nature of Matter 17 CHAPTER 3: Formulae, Stoichiometry and the Mole Concept 31 3.1 Writing Chemical Formulae 3.2 Chemical Equations 3.3 Ionic Equations 3.4 Relative Atomic Mass (A r ) 3.5 Relative Molecular Mass (M r ) 3.6 The Mole 3.7 Molar Mass 3.8 Molar Volume 3.9 Limiting Reactants 3.10 Molar Solution
CHAPTER 4: Energy from Chemicals 48 4.1 Enthalpy Changes 4.2 Exothermic Reactions 4.3 Endothermic Reactions CHAPTER 5: Chemical Reactions 51 5.1 Speed of Reaction 5.2 Factors Affecting Speed of Reaction 5.3 Investigating the Effect of a Given Variable on the Speed of a Reaction 5.4 Redox Reactions 5.5 Testing for Oxidising and Reducing Agents CHAPTER 6: Acids, Bases and Salts 65 6.1 Acids 6.2 Bases 6.3 ph Scale 6.4 Types of Oxides 6.5 Preparation of Salts CHAPTER 7: The Periodic Table 74 7.1 Periodic Trends 7.2 Group Properties
CHAPTER 8: Metals 81 8.1 Properties of Metals 8.2 Alloys 8.3 Structure of Metals and Alloys 8.4 Reactivity Series 8.5 Extraction of Metals CHAPTER 9: Atmosphere and the Environment 92 9.1 Air 9.2 Air Pollution CHAPTER 10: Organic Chemistry 95 10.1 Fuels and Crude Oil 10.2 Alkanes 10.3 Alkenes 10.4 Alcohols 10.5 Carboxylic Acids
CHAPTER 1 EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY Chapter 1 Experimental Chemistry 1.1 Experimental Design Measurement 1. Scientific measurement is based on the metric system and the units used are called the SI units or International System of Units. 2. The SI units have seven base units from which all other units are derived as shown in the table below. Physical quantity Name of unit Abbreviation Mass kilogram kg Length metre m Time second s Temperature kelvin K Electric current ampere A Amount of substance mole mol Luminous intensity candela cd Singapore Asia Publishers Pte Ltd
Chapter 1 Experimental Chemistry 3. Different types of apparatus are required for the measurement of the physical quantities listed on the previous page. (a) Mass The mass of a substance is the amount of matter it contains. The mass of a substance is measured using a beam balance or an electronic balance (refer to figure 1.1). The SI unit is the kilogram (kg). beam balance electronic balance Other units include the milligram (mg) and the gram (g). Figure 1.1 (b) Time Time is measured using a stopwatch (refer to figure 1.2) or stopclock. The SI unit is seconds (s). Other units include the millisecond (ms), minute (min) and (h). 1/100 Scc Sec CHRONOGRAPH digital stopwatch analogue stopwatch Figure 1.2 Singapore Asia Publishers Pte Ltd
Chapter 1 Experimental Chemistry (c) Temperature The temperature of a substance is measured with a thermometer (see figure 1.3). There are different types of thermometers, such as: (i) mercury-in-glass thermometer, (ii) alcohol-in-glass thermometer, (iii) electronic thermometer. 100 110 C 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10-10ºC(min) 110ºC(max) mercury-in-glass thermometer 76.8 electronic thermometer Figure 1.3 Singapore Asia Publishers Pte Ltd 76. Quick Exam Notes for UpSec Scien3 3 5/22/2015 8:51:22 AM