Taxonomy Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya, mostly heterotrophic, live in all sorts of environments Largest group of organisms on Earth Only a small amount cause disease Most have very important roles:, such as cyanobacteria : decomposers that break down dead material. : they have a relationship with other organisms (bacteria in your gut). Hot springs, hydrothermal vents, extremely acidic or alkaline water, anoxic mud swamps, petroleum deposits, and the digestive tracts of cows, termites, and marine life where they produce methane. Vast differences in genetic and biochemical make-up from other bacteria. = have a nucleus, can be unicellular or multicellular 1. Kingdom Protista: unicellular eukaryotes, multicellular algae 2. Kingdom Plantae: have cell walls made of cellulose, and obtains energy through photosynthesis 3. Kingdom Fungi: Cell walls are made of chitin, obtains energy by absorbing nutrients 4. Kingdom Animalia- no cell walls, obtains energy by ingesting other organisms 1
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Wacky History of the Cell Video Questions (http://viewpure.com/4opbylwh9du?start=0&end=0) 1. Name of the spectacle maker from the Netherlands who lived in the early 1600 s. 2. What was this scientist famous for? 3. Name of the Dutch scientist who made his own microscope. 4. What famous discovery did this scientist make with his home-made microscope? How did he make this discovery? 5. What did he call his discovery? 6. Name of the English scientist who is credited for coming up with the term cell. 7. What was this scientist looking at when he came up with the name cell? 8. Why did he call them cells? 9. What did Robert Hooke do to make Sir Isaac Newton mad? 10. Why does no one know what Robert Hooke looked like? 11. Name of the German botanist (one who studies plants) from the 1800 s. 12. What discovery was this German botanist famous for? 13. Name of another German scientist from the 1800 s that studied animals. 14. What was this German scientist famous for? 15. What part of the cell theory did Schleiden and Schwann disagree on? 16. What did Schleiden believe? 17. What did Schwann believe? 18. Who was right? 19. What scientist proved all cells come from other cells? 3
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotes Oldest fossil prokaryote 3.5 billion years No One strand of circular membrane bound organelles Very small Single celled Ex - Bacteria Eukaryotes Evolved 1.5 bya Has a with membrane bound organelles is linear and stored in the nucleus Multicellular or unicellular Larger, more complex Ex - Plants, animals, fungi, and protists How are they similar? Both have to make, cell membrane,, and cytoplasm 4
Benefits of Bacteria to humans and animals, especially in digestion. : some produce oxygen, while others help cycle carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus throughout the environment. : living things break down pollutants. Some bacteria can digest oil and are used to clean up oil spills. Bacterial diseases Cross Section of Intestinal Wall Food comes in Bacteria help break down food Bacteria produce needed vitamins Bacteria keep the intestine wall clean Can attack the cells in tissues. o Ex - Tuberculosis/TB, is caused by bacteria that invade the lungs and use the tissues for nutrients Can make poisons called toxins o Blood carries it to other parts of the body. o Ex - Food poisoning Antibiotics Antibiotics are used to fight o Chemicals that kill or slow the growth of bacteria o Work by stopping the from developing. Animal cells and viruses do not have cell walls. : overuse of antibiotics has caused certain strains of bacteria to become resistant to medications. This allows bacteria to survive and reproduce. 5
Cell Structures Organelle Function Plant Animal peroxisome Cilia centriole lysosome cell membrane cytoplasm mitochondrion smooth endoplasmic reticulum flagellum cytoskeleton Contains enzymes that are responsible for metabolic processes Hair like projections that aid in movement Aids in cell division (mitosis) Contains enzymes that break down old cell parts, bacteria, and viruses Regulates what enters and leaves the cell; selectively permeable A jellylike liquid that contains dissolved materials and or]ganelles Powerhouse of the cell, site of cellular respiration Makes lipids, breaks down drugs and alcohol, controls calcium Whip-like tail projection that aids in movement Network of proteins that maintains cell shape nuclear pores Allow large molecules to pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm nuclear Double membrane around the nucleus, protection membrane/envelope DNA Coiled around proteins called histones; DNA + proteins = chromatin nucleolus Dense region in center of nucleus that makes ribosomes nucleus rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes golgi body golgi vesicle amyloplast plasmodesma Control center of the cell, stores DNA Covered in ribosomes, produces and transports proteins Site of protein synthesis Processes, sorts, and packages proteins and carbohydrates into vesicles for export out of cell; UPS of the cell Contains and transports substances throughout the cell; UPS delivery truck Synthesizes and stores starch Allows neighboring plant cells to exchange materials tonoplast Semi-permeable membrane that regulates what goes in and out of vacuole central vacuole Large fluid filled sac used for storage of needed materials (H 2O, food, enzymes, etc) chloroplast Carries out photosynthesis by capturing and converting solar energy cell wall Rigid outer surface made of cellulose that supports, protects, and gives shape to the cell 6
The Cell Membrane The main function is to material moving in and out of the cell. Selective Permeability o Permeability depends on: Fluid Mosaic Model 1. 2. 3. Charge (ions) A membrane is a fluid structure (can move easily), with a mosaic of various proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol embedded in it. Phospholipid Bilayer heads face the outside and tails form the middle Transport and receptor are embedded in the cell membrane o go all the way through o on the surface Cholesterol reduces fluidity 7
Cell Transport 8
Passive Transport NO ENERGY REQUIRED 1. Diffusion Movement of molecules their (high to low) Results from the natural random motion of molecules Ex diffuses into your blood from your lungs, air freshener spreads throughout a room 2. Osmosis Diffusion of across a from water concentration (low solute) to water concentration (high solute) Most cells have special water transport proteins called Solutions are described based on their, or concentration of solutes in the water relative to another solution o - Equal solutes water moves in and out at the same rate o - More solute water moves toward it (fresh water fish in salt water) o - Less solute water moves away from it (salt water fish in fresh water) 9
3. Facilitated Diffusion Diffusion of or molecules across a membrane using the help of a Facilitate means to make Ex Glucose and amino acids use facilitated diffusion to cross the cell membrane Active Transport REQUIRES ENERGY 1. Protein pumps Move materials Use to move the molecules Ex packing glucose into liver cells for storage, Na + -K + pump 2. Endocytosis Brings large substances the cell by forming a around the substance Ex : White blood cells eat bacteria 3. Exocytosis large substances from the cell using a Ex Neurotransmitters are released from nerve cells, hormones are released from endocrine glands 10
Complete the table. Transport Method Passive or Active? Does any structure help? (No, Membrane Protein, or Vesicle) Example of substance(s) that use this method of transport in cells DIFFUSION FACILITATED DIFFUSION OSMOSIS SODIUM-POTASSIUM (NA + -K + ) PUMP ENDOCYTOSIS EXOCYTOSIS Directions: Identify the type of transport depicted in the diagrams. Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Exocytosis Endocytosis Osmosis Sodium-Potassium Pump 11
Photosynthesis Equation for photosynthesis Chloroplasts and Chlorophyll Photosynthesis occurs in the of plant cells : green pigment found in chloroplasts o There are two main types, chlorophyll a and b, that absorb mostly and light o Green color in plants comes from the reflection of the green wavelengths by chlorophyll. Two Processes 1. Light dependent reactions= 2. Light independent reactions/calvin Cycle= 12
Light dependent reactions Requires Take place in the Water and sunlight are needed absorbs energy Energy is transferred along the thylakoid membrane to the light-independent reactions is released as a waste product ATP is produced as a final step. The enzyme is responsible for making ATP by adding phosphate groups to ADP. Light independent reactions AKA Reactions occur in the Uses the energy transferred from the light dependent reactions to make sugars. Carbon enters as and leaves as Light Dependent Reaction in detail Light E causes an electron (e - ) to leave chlorophyll in photosystem II Light splits water - photolysis o ½ O 2 is a waste product o Electrons given to chlorophyll to replace lost electron o H + used later NADPH: Transports high energy around during photosynthesis; like a 13
Light Independent Reaction/Calvin Cycle in detail : when carbon from the atmosphere is fixed into an organic carbon molecule is the enzyme used fix carbon in the first step. Most abundant enzyme on Earth! 1. 2. Each cycle creates one 3C molecule. Two cycles = 1 glucose 4. 3. 14
Label the diagram using your notes. Review! Photosynthesis: Reaction Location Reactants Products Light Dependent Rxn Light Independent Rxn/Calvin Cycle 15
Cellular Respiration Equation for Cellular Respiration Mitochondria Cellular respiration occurs in the of all eukaryotic cells Two types 1. Aerobic = 2. Anaerobic = Three Processes in Aerobic Respiration 1. Glycolysis= 2. Kreb s Cycle = 3. Electron Transport Chain= 16
1. Glycolysis (Glyco =, Lysis = ) Occurs with or without Splits into two 3 carbon molecules called Produces 2 and 2 2. Kreb s Cycle is broken down into molecules Produces 2 more, several and molecules (more school buses for e - and H + ) Highlight all the products of the Kreb s cycle 17
3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) from NADH and FADH 2 pass down a chain of molecules Energy released used to pump H + into intermembrane space H + ions back into matrix through ATP synthase Yields per glucose Why do we need O2?? At end of, e - caught by which combines with H +, making No means has nowhere to go ETC backs up with Respiration stops = What happens when there is no O2?? Occurs after Regenerates empty so that can continue Two types: 1. In plants, fungi 2. In animals 18
1. Alcohol Fermentation Produces alcohol produced by yeast makes bread rise 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation Creates burning sensation in muscles during intense exercise due to 19
Label the diagram using your notes. Review! Aerobic Respiration: Reaction Location Reactants Products Glycolysis Aerobic Respiration Fermentation/Anaerobic Fermentation 20
The Discovery of DNA Frederick Griffith - 1928 Oswald Avery - 1944 Watson and Crick - 1953 Erwin Chargaff - 1950 Rosalind Franklin - 1953 21
DNA Structure Nucleotides nucleotides in DNA Each has a, a, and a The in the sugar are numbered DNA Base pairs: o o o Held together by bonds Two strands of nucleotides that run in opposite directions o Called DNA Replication Why does DNA need to replicate (copy)? Every time cells, they need to replicate their DNA o This allows each cell to have a full set of the parent cell s DNA The process of,, and the parent DNA Results in two copies of the parent DNA Each new double helix contains one strand and one strand This is called o of original DNA was conserved or saved 22
Cells divide before growing too large Before dividing, cells must prepare Preparation = o : Cell grows larger o : Cell makes (synthesizes) new for daughter cell o : Cell makes new for daughter cell + = Cell division Chromosomes Each chromosome is during the A replicated chromosome has two identical connected by a DNA is supercoiled in chromosomes, tightly wrapped around o Allows 6.5 feet of DNA to fit in a single human nucleus 23
Mitosis Four Stages (PMAT) 1. (pro- means ) 2. (meta- means ) 3. (ana- means ) 4. (telo- means ) Prophase condenses into and disintegrate migrate to opposite ends of the cell form in football shape across cell Metaphase line up in the middle (equator) of the cell attach to Anaphase Sister chromatids Spindle fibers, pulling chromatids to opposite ends of cell cells begin to pinch in cells begin to form in the middle 24
Telophase built from around each set of chromosomes reforms in each nucleus Chromosomes become mass of Cytokinesis Final division of resulting in two daughter cells CM pinches together Cell plate forms new dividing the daughter cells Regulating the Cell Cycle Cyclins: External factors: and Internal factors: and : programmed cell death Cell cycle has Cancer results when cells do not respond to Cells unregulated, forming a Tumor surrounding tissue 25
Binary Fission Cell division/reproduction in and some single celled eukaryotes Creates offspring to the parent cell Form of reproduction Review! Redraw the diagrams below in the correct phase of the cell cycle. The Cell Cycle 26