of Terms Meteor shower calendar Shower Activity period Maximum Radiant Velocity (km/s) r ZHR Class Date SL RA Dec Antihelion source Nov 25 Sep 30 30 3.0 3 II Quadrantids (QUA) Jan 01 Jan 05 Jan 04 283 16 15:20 +49 41 2.1 120 I a Centaurids (ACE) Jan 28 Feb 21 Feb 08 319 2 14:00 59 56 2.0 5 II d Leonids (DLE) Feb 15 Mar 10 Feb 25 336 11:12 +16 23 3.0 2 II g Normids (GNO) Feb 25 Mar 22 Mar 13 353 16:36 51 56 2.4 4 II Lyrids (LYR) Apr 16 Apr 25 Apr 22 032 32 18:04 +34 49 2.1 18 I p Puppids (PPU) Apr 15 Apr 28 Apr 23 033 5 07:20 45 18 2.0 var III h Aquarids (ETA) Apr 19 May 28 May 05 045 5 22:32 01 66 2.4 60 I Eta Lyrids (ELY) May 03 May 12 May 08 048.4 19:08 +44 44 3.0 3 II June Bootids (JBO) Jun 22 Jul 02 Jun 27 095 7 14:56 +48 18 2.2 var III P. Austrinids (PAU) Jul 15 Aug 10 Jul 27 125 22:44 30 35 3.2 5 II d Aquarids (SDA) Jul 12 Aug 19 Jul 27 125 22:36 16 41 3.2 20 I a Caps. (CAP) Jul 03 Aug 15 Jul 29 127 20:28 10 23 2.5 4 II Perseids (PER) Jul 17 Aug 24 Aug 12 140 03:04 +58 59 2.6 100 I k Cygnids (KCG) Aug 03 Aug 25 Aug 17 145 19:04 +59 25 3.0 3 II Aurigids (AUR) Aug 25 Sep 08 Sep 01 158 6 05:36 +42 66 2.6 7 II Sep. Perseids (SPR) Sep 05 Sep 16 Sep 09 166 7 04:00 +47 64 2.9 5 II d Aurigids (DAU) Sep 18 Oct 10 Oct 03 191 05:52 +49 64 2.9 2 II Draconids (GIA) Oct 06 Oct 10 Oct 08 195 4 17:28 +54 20 2.6 var III e Geminids (EGE) Oct 14 Oct 27 Oct 18 205 06:48 +27 70 3.0 2 II Orionids (ORI) Oct 02 Nov 07 Oct 21 208 06:20 +16 66 2.5 23 I Leo Minorids (LMI) Oct 23 Oct 25 Oct 24 211 10:48 +37 61 2.7 2 II South Taurids (STA) Sep 25 Nov 25 Nov 05 223 03:28 +13 27 2.3 5 II North Taurids (NTA) Sep 25 Nov 25 Nov 12 230 03:52 +22 29 2.3 5 II Leonids (LEO) Nov 10 Nov 23 Nov 17 235 27 10:12 +22 71 2.5 var III a Monocero. (AMO) Nov 15 Nov 25 Nov 21 239 32 07:48 +01 65 2.4 var III Dec Phoe. (PHO) Nov 28 Dec 09 Dec 06 254 25 01:12 53 18 2.8 var III Puppid/Velids (PUP) Dec 01 Dec 15 Dec 06 255 08:12 45 40 2.9 10 II Monocero. (MON) Nov 27 Dec 17 Dec 08 257 06:40 +08 42 3.0 2 II s Hydrids (HYD) Dec 03 Dec 15 Dec 11 260 08:28 +02 58 3.0 3 II Geminids (GEM) Dec 07 Dec 17 Dec 13 262 2 07:28 +33 35 2.6 120 I C. Berenicids (COM) Dec 12 Jan 23 Dec 20 268 11:40 +25 65 3.0 5 II Ursids (URS) Dec 17 Dec 26 Dec 22 270 7 14:28 +76 33 3.0 10 I 187
Lunar conditions for the major annual showers at maximum activity 2008 2040 Year QUA LYR ETA SDA PER ORI LEO GEM UMI 2008 24 16 00 23 11 21 20 16 24 2009 06 26 12 06 20 03 02 26 05 2010 17 7 20 15 02 12 12 08 15 2011 27 18 02 27 13 22 21 18 25 2012 09 01 13 08 24 06 06 01 09 2013 19 11 24 19 05 17 15 12 18 2014 02 21 05 01 16 27 25 21 00 2015 12 04 15 10 26 08 06 03 11 2016 22 14 26 22 09 20 18 14 22 2017 05 24 09 04 18 02 00 25 03 2018 15 07 18 14 01 11 10 06 14 2019 25 17 01 23 11 21 20 16 24 2020 07 00 12 07 22 05 03 00 07 2021 18 09 23 17 04 15 13 10 17 2022 01 20 03 28 14 25 23 19 27 2023 11 02 14 09 25 06 05 02 10 2024 20 13 25 20 07 18 17 13 21 2025 04 21 08 02 17 00 27 24 01 2026 14 05 17 12 00 10 08 04 12 2027 24 15 27 22 10 20 18 15 23 2028 05 27 10 06 20 03 01 26 06 2029 17 07 21 16 01 13 11 09 16 2030 28 18 02 26 13 23 22 19 25 2031 09 01 12 07 23 05 04 00 08 2032 19 12 24 19 05 18 15 12 19 2033 02 21 06 01 16 27 26 22 01 2034 13 04 16 11 26 08 06 03 11 2035 23 14 26 20 09 19 18 13 22 2036 04 24 09 02 18 28 00 24 03 2037 14 07 18 12 10 09 10 04 14 2038 24 17 01 22 11 19 20 15 24 2039 05 00 12 06 22 02 03 26 07 2040 17 09 23 16 04 12 13 09 17 Numbers indicate the age of the Moon in days New = 0; fi rst quarter = 7; full moon = 14; last quarter = 21 188
Activity period The dates in which a shower equals or exceeds a ZHR of 1. Altitude The angle in the sky of an object with 0 being on the horizon and 90 at the zenith. Class I (Major Annual Showers), II (Minor Annual Showers), and III (Variable Showers) Declination Celestial latitude expressed in degrees north or south of the celestial equator. Local Standard Time (LST) Your local time no matter location or time zone. Those who observe daylight saving time or summer time must add 1 h to the quoted times. Nadir Lowest point in the sky. r The ratio between one magnitude and the next. A higher r value indicates a fainter shower. Right ascension Celestial longitude expressed in degrees or hours/minutes. Solar longitude Dates expressed in degrees with zero commencing at the exact moment of the northern hemisphere s vernal equinox (March 21). Zenith Straight up, or 90 altitude. Zenith hourly rate (ZHR) The standard conditions in which the limiting magnitude is +6.5 and the radiant lies in the zenith. 189
Absolute magnitude, 150 Archernar (alpha Eridani), 112 Aldebaran (alpha Tauri), 91, 175, 177, 179 Alkaid (eta Ursae Majoris), 13, 106 Almach (gamma Andromedae), 110 Alpha Capricornids, 6, 79, 80, 82, 128, 174 Alpha Centaurids, 74, 168, 169 Alpha Circinids, 104 105 Alpha Hydrids, 123 124, 168 Alpha Lyrids, 158, 175 Alpha Monocerotids, 110 112, 178 Alpha Pyxidids, 100 Alphard (alpha Hydrae), 97, 123, 124, 178, 179 Altair (alpha Aquilae), 126, 174 Altitude, 2, 13 14, 19, 25, 31, 32, 35, 38, 45, 52, 59, 60, 65, 66, 74, 77, 78, 101, 103, 105 107, 109 110, 113, 118, 120, 122 124, 126 132, 136 139, 145 150, 153 156, 164 165, 177 American Meteor Society (AMS), 9, 150, 162, 165 166, 181 Andromedids, 109 110 Angular velocity, 91, 99, 147 150 Antapex, 9, 170 Antiapex meteors, 9 Antihelion, 3, 5 10, 59, 75, 79, 90, 91, 122 124, 126 130, 138, 139, 168 171, 173 176, 179 Apex attraction, 6 Apex meteors, 8 9 April activity, 170 172 April Draconids (APD), 125 126, 172 April Piscids (APS), 116 Arbeitskreis Meteore e. V. (AKM), 182 Arietids, 6, 8, 115, 117, 118, 174 Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers Meteors Section (ALPOMS), 182 Astronomical Society Ursa Meteor Section, 182 August activity, 175 176 August Capricornids (AUC), 127, 128, 175 August Draconids (AUD), 129 130, 175 Aurigids, 8, 83 87, 129, 131, 132, 134, 176 Bellatrix (gamma Orionis), 134 Beta Aquariids (BAQ), 126 127, 174 Beta Hydrusids (BHY), 107 Beta Leo Minoris, 89 Beta Taurids (BTA), 119 Betelgeuse (alpha Orionis), 94, 138 Binoculars, 158 159 Black cord, 146, 151 Breaks, 19, 25, 38, 52, 102, 142, 153 156, 174 British Astronomical Association Meteor Section (BAAMS), 182 Capella (alpha Aurigae), 87, 133, 175, 177, 179 Capricornids/Sagittariids (DCS), 115 116 Cassette recorder, 151 152, 158 chi capricornids, 8, 116 Cirrus clouds, 142 Color, 2, 38, 59, 91, 141, 148, 149, 160, 166 Coma Berenicids (COM), 96 98, 122, 123, 139, 168, 179 Comet C1983 H 1, IRAS-Araki- Alcock, 78 Comet 1P/Encke, 119 Daylight Arietids, 174 Daytime showers, 115 120 DCV, 150 December activity, 178 179 45 Degree rule, 146 Delta Aquariids, 31 37, 79 81, 175 Delta Aurigids, 85, 86, 129, 134, 176 Delta Cygni, 78, 171 Delta Leonids, 75, 76, 168 170 Delta Persei, 86, 118 119, 175 Delta Piscids, 116 117 Deneb (alpha Cygni), 130, 171, 174, 175 Denebola (beta Leonis), 97, 168, 178 Draconids, 125 126, 129, 130, 172, 173, 175, 187 Draconids (Giacobinids), 108 109 Duration, 14, 38, 97, 111, 118, 146, 148 150, 163, 166 Dutch Meteor Society (DMS), 89, 182 Earthgrazers, 38, 45, 59, 66, 118, 145 Electrophonic meteor sounds, 165 Epsilon Arietids, 8, 117 Epsilon Cassiopeiids, 128, 129, 175 Epsilon Geminids, 87, 88, 177 Epsilon Ursa Minorids, 132, 135, 136 Epsilon Virginids, 139, 179 Eta Aquariids, 19, 22, 24 31, 44, 126, 164, 172 174 Eta Lyrids, 78, 173, 187 Eta Normae, 77 February activity, 4, 6, 9, 74, 75, 77, 168 169 February Sextantids, 119 120, 124 125 Fireballs, 149, 164 166, 184 Fomalhaut (alpha Piscis Austrinus), 81, 172 Gamma Delphinids, 104, 105 Gamma Leonids, 8, 119 Gamma Normids, 76 78, 169, 170, 187 Geminids, 3, 12, 58 64, 73, 87 88, 93, 94, 97, 152, 155, 159, 164, 177 179, 187 Gnomic star charts, 151 Hadar, 74 Halley s Comet, 1, 8, 21, 22, 44 Hamal (alpha Arietis), 110 Helion meteors, 8, 10 International Astronomical Union Commission 22 (IAU), 8, 12, 122, 182 International Meteor Organization (IMO), 10, 12, 75, 84, 89, 121, 122, 149, 151, 158, 159, 183 Iridium flares, 149 January activity, 4, 12, 74, 97, 122, 123, 167 168 January Leonids, 122 123, 168 July activity, 31, 33 34, 79, 81, 174 175 June activity, 102, 105, 106, 173 174 June Bootids, 105, 106, 173, 187 June Lyrids (xi Draconids), 173 191
Kappa Cygnids, 81, 82, 175, 187 Kochab (beta Ursae Minoris), 65, 130, 167, 171 Length, 14, 25, 39, 45, 99, 145 149, 151, 152, 159, 160, 163 Leo Minorids, 88, 89, 187 Leonids, 2, 8, 51 58, 73, 75 76, 91, 108, 111, 119, 122 123, 164, 168 170, 178, 181, 187 Libra, 171, 173 Limiting magnitude, 13, 86, 142 14, 147, 152 157, 159 Lozenge, 108 Lyrids, 11, 18 24, 78 79, 158, 164, 171 173, 175, 187 Magnitude, 13, 25, 31, 38, 59, 65, 66, 75, 78, 86, 87, 89, 91, 93, 100, 101, 105 107, 112, 127, 129, 135, 136, 139, 143 145, 147, 148, 150 March activity, 92, 165, 169 170 May activity, 78, 102, 172 173 May Arietids, 117 MBK team, 183 Meteorites, 1, 2, 165 Meteorobs, 166, 183 Meteoroids, 1 3, 5, 6, 10, 164 MeteorScan, 163 Meteor trails, 150, 181 MetRec, 163 Monocerotids, 59, 94 95, 110 112, 138, 178, 179 mu Bootis, 103 Naos (zeta Puppis), 93 Nippon Meteor Society (NMS), 183 North American Meteor Network (NAMN), 183 Northern September Lyncids, 132 133, 176 Northern Taurids, 90 92, 119 North June Aquilids (NZC), 125 127 November activity, 178 November Orionids (NOO), 138, 139, 178 Observing forms, 152 Obstructions, 142, 144 October activity, 177 October Camelopardalids, 134, 135, 177 Omicron Cetids, 117 118 Orionids, 6, 22, 44 51, 87, 89, 91, 134, 136 138, 159, 164, 176 178 Perseids, 32 44, 51, 58, 79, 82, 84 86, 115, 118, 133, 152, 159, 164, 174 176 Persistent trains, 8, 97, 149, 150, 164, 166, 168, 176 Phoenicids (PHO), 112 113 Photographic observations, 159 161 pi Puppids, 101, 172 Piscis Austrinids (PAU), 80, 81, 174 Pleiades, 91 Plotting, 73, 150 151, 158, 159, 162 Point meteors, 145 Polaris (alpha Urase Minoris), 135, 175, 177 Pollux (beta Geminorum), 87, 137, 177 179 Pracownia Komet i Meteoròw, 184 Procyon (alpha Canis Minoris), 111, 178 Puppid-Velids, 92 94, 179 Quadrantids, 11 18, 58, 59, 123, 164, 167, 168 Radiant, 3, 6 14, 18, 19, 23 26, 31 33, 35 38, 44, 45, 51, 52, 58, 59 Radiant distance, 11, 134, 147 150 Radio Meteor Observers Bulletin (RMOB), 184 Radio observations, 115, 163 164, 184 Rigel Kentaurus, 105, 169 Sadalsuud (beta Aquarii), 127 September activity, 176 September Alpha Orionids, 133, 134, 176 September Perseids, 85 86, 176 September Ursae Minorids (SUM), 130 131, 176 Sextantids, 119 120, 124, 168 Shower association, 80, 87, 129, 144, 145, 147, 149, 163 Sigma Hydrids, 59, 95, 179 Sociedad de Observadores de Meteoros y Cometas de Espana (SOMYCE), 184 The Society for Popular Astronomy Meteor Section (SPA), 184 Southern September Lyyncids, 131, 132, 176 Southern Taurids, 6, 90 92, 119 Spanish Photographic Meteor Network (SPMN), 184 Sporadic contamination, 3 rates, 4, 5, 10, 92, 99, 129, 134, 167, 169, 171 178 Tau Herculids (THE), 102 104 Taurids, 6, 90 92, 119, 134, 136, 137, 176 178 Tau Ursa Majorids, 136, 137, 177 TeFF, 151 Telescopic observations, 158 159 Terminal burst, 147, 148, 166 Thermosphere, 2 Theta Leonis, 75 Thuban (alpha Draconis), 126 Toroidal meteors, 10 Trails, 33, 44, 51, 65, 73, 101, 108, 111, 150, 159, 160, 181 UFOCapture, 163 Unione Astrofili Italiani Sezione Meteor, 185 Ursids, 64 70, 77, 164, 179 Vega (alpha Lyrae), 78, 171, 173 Venus, 148, 164 Video observations, 161 163 Virginids, 6, 8, 139, 170, 179 Zenith attraction, 9 Zeta Cancrids, 8, 137 138, 177 Zeta Perseids, 115 192