Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the topographic map and on your knowledge of Earth science. Points A and B represent locations on Earth's surface. Elevations are shown in feet. The 50-ft and 55-ft contour lines are not shown on the map. 1. Identify the general compass direction toward which Ames Stream flows. Describe the contour line evidence shown on the map that supports your answer. 2. Calculate the gradient between points A and B.
Base your answers to questions 3 and 4 on the topographic map in your answer booklet and on your knowledge of Earth science. Points A, B, C, and D represent locations on Earth's surface. Elevations are measured in meters. 3. Identify the compass direction toward which Kim Brook flows. Describe the evidence shown on the map that indicates the water flows downhill in that compass direction. 4. Calculate the gradient between points C and D. Label your answer with the correct units.
Base your answers to questions 5 through 7 on the topographic map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map is centered on the peak of New York State's Slide Mountain at 42 North. Points A, B, and X represent locations on the map. Line AB is a reference line on the map. Elevations are shown in feet. 5. Describe one piece of evidence shown on the map that indicates that the northeastern side of Slide Mountain has the steepest slope. 6. Determine one possible elevation of point X. 7. On the map, draw a line showing the most likely path of a stream that begins at point X and flows to the edge of the map.
Base your answers to questions 8 through 10 on the map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows the four time zones and some latitude and longitude lines across the continental United States. Some cities are labeled on the map. 8. Identify the city labeled on the map where sunrise occurs first each day. 9. Identify two cities on the map where measurements of the altitude of Polaris are within one degree of each other. 10. State the number of degrees of longitude that separates New York City from Reno, Nevada, and the time difference, in hours, between these two cities.
Base your answers to questions 11 through 14 on the topographic map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Lines AB and CD are reference lines on the map. Letter E indicates a location in a stream. 11. Determine the velocity of the stream at location E where the largest particle being carried at location E has a diameter of 10.0 centimeters. 12. Describe how the contour lines indicate the direction in which Buck River flows. 13. Calculate the gradient along line CD. 14. On the map, draw an X on the location with the highest elevation.
15. Base your answer to the following question on the snowfall map of the Tug Hill Plateau region of New York State and your knowledge of Earth science. A lake-effect snowstorm occurred on November 16-19, 2008. Snow depths are indicated in inches at several points and by two labeled isoline. Dashed line AB is a reference line on the map between two recorded snow depths. Calculate the snow depth gradient between point A and point B, in inches per mile.
Base your answers to questions 16 through 19 on the topographic map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Point A represents a location on Earth's surface. Lines BC and XY are reference lines on the map. Points D, E, F, and G represent locations along Coe Creek. Elevations are shown in feet. 16. Calculate the gradient along line XY. Label your answer with the correct units. 17. Describe how the contour lines indicate that Coe Creek flows faster between locations D and E than between locations F and G. 18. Describe the evidence shown on the map that indicates Coe Creek flows toward the northeast. 19. What is the elevation of location A?
Base your answers to questions 20 and 21 on the maps below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The snowfall map shows isolines of average annual snowfall, measured in inches, across part of Michigan between two of the Great Lakes. Letters A through C represent locations on Earth's surface. The snowfall map is an enlargement of the map area outlined on the following Great Lakes regional map. 20. The surface elevation of Lake Huron is 176 meters above sea level. Identify one New York State river that receives water that flows from Lake Huron. 21. State the average annual snowfall at location A.
Base your answers to questions 22 and 23 on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows an area of New York State that includes a campsite, trail, and buildings near a lake. Points A, B, C, and D represent locations on the map. 22. Campers hiked along the trail from the shoreline of the lake to point D to view the landscape. Determine the average gradient, in meters per kilometer, of the route they took on their hike. 23. Circle the phrase that indicates the direction of flow of Woodland Brook. Describe the contour-line evidence that supports your answer.
Base your answers to questions 24 and 25 on the topographic map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Some contour lines have been drawn. Line AB is a reference line on the map. 24. Calculate the gradient along the reference line from A to B, in meters per kilometer. 25. State a likely surface elevation of Pebble Lake. Base your answers to questions 26 and 27 on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Coral Reefs and Ocean Currents The location of shallow-water coral reefs is controlled largely by warm-water temperatures, which originate in tropical regions and are then widely spread by ocean currents. Major surface ocean currents flow in circular patterns called gyres. Ocean current gyres flow in a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere, and flow in a counterclockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere. This pattern of circulation generally moves warm water from equatorial regions into the shallow waters along eastern continental coasts. This extends the range of coral reef growth approximately 5 of latitude beyond both the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn. 26. Identify the two prevailing planetary wind belts that provide the greatest force in pushing the surface ocean currents of the North Pacific Ocean gyre. 27. Identify the surface ocean current that prevents the formation of coral reefs in the shallow waters along the western coast of South America.
Base your answers to questions 28 through 30 on the topographic map and on your knowledge of Earth science. Dashed lines separate the map into sections I, II, III, and IV. Letters A through E represent locations on Earth's surface. The points in section I represent elevations in feet. 28. Calculate the gradient between locations A and B. 29. What is a possible elevation of location E? 30. Describe how the topography within section II is different from the topography within section IV.
Base your answers to questions 31 through 33 on the field map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows the depth of Lake Ontario. Isoline values indicate water depth, in feet. Points A, B, and C represent locations on the shoreline of lake Ontario. Points D and E represent locations on the bottom of the lake. 31. What evidence shown on the map indicates that the southern section of the bottom of Lake Ontario has the steepest slope? 32. What is a possible depth of the water at location E? 33. Calculate the gradient of the lake bottom between point C and point D. Label your answer with the correct units.
Base your answers to questions 34 and 35 on the topographic map of Hawaii below and on your knowledge of Earth Science. Points A and B represent surface locations on the island. Land elevations and Pacific Ocean depths are shown in meters.
34. The map below shows the locations of three volcanoes on the island of Hawaii. The arrows represent the direction of the planetary winds. Points X and Y represent surface locations on the island. Explain why location X usually receives less annual precipitation than location Y. 35. The average annual air temperature at location A is approximately 77 F, while the average annual air temperature at location B is approximately 55 F. Explain why location B has cooler average temperatures.
Base your answers to questions 36 through 38 on the topographic map below. Letters A through D represent locations on the map. Elevations are measured in feet. Dashed lines represent trails. 36. How long will it take a person to hike along the trail from point C to point D at a rate of 3 miles per hour? 37. Identify the contour interval used on this map. 38. On the map, place an X on the trail between A and B so the center of the X indicates where the slope is steepest.
Base your answers to questions 39 and 40 on the map below, which shows elevations in feet at various points. The southern part of the map has contour lines representing elevations at 20-foot intervals. Lines AB and CD are reference lines on the map. 39. Explain how the contour lines indicate the direction of flow of Otter Creek. 40. Calculate the gradient along line CD and label your answer with the correct units.
Base your answers to questions 41 and 42 on the map below, which shows the snowfall from the fall of 1976 through the spring of 1977, measured in inches, for most of New York State. The 200-inch snowfall isolines are shown on the map. 41. Identify one factor that contributes to the high snowfall amounts at locations on the eastern side of both Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. 42. The amount of snowfall for Massena is shown on the map. What was the amount of snowfall for Massena?
Base your answers to questions 43 through 46 on the map below. The map shows the precipitation totals, in inches, from January 2003 through May 2003 for the North Carolina locations represented by dots. Precipitation totals for locations A and B are recorded on the map. The towns of Newport and Beaufort are labeled on the map. 43. On the grid below, draw a line to show the general relationship between the amount of precipitation and the amount of runoff in Beaufort, North Carolina, if the ground is saturated. 44. Explain why the intensity of insolation received at Beaufort, North Carolina, on a clear day is greater than the intensity of insolation received at Buffalo, New York, on the same clear day. 45. Identify the city shown on the Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York State map in the Earth Science Reference Tables that is closest to the longitude of Newport, North Carolina. 46. Calculate the rainfall gradient between locations A and B on the map to the nearest hundredth. Label your answer with the correct units.
Base your answers to questions 47 through 49 on the diagram below, which represents a north polar view of Earth on a specific day of the year. Solar times at selected longitude lines are shown. Letter A represents a location on Earth's surface. 47. How many hours of daylight would an observer at location A experience on this day? 48. State the altitude of Polaris as seen by an observer at the North Pole. 49. How many degrees apart are the longitude lines shown in the diagram?
Base your answers to questions 50 through 52 on the data table below. The data table shows the latitude of several cities in the Northern Hemisphere and the duration of daylight on a particular day. 50. The data were recorded for the first day of a certain season in the Northern Hemisphere. State the name of this season. 51. Use your graph to determine the latitude at which the Sun sets 7 hours after it rises. 52. Based on the data table, state the relationship between latitude and the duration of daylight.
53. Base your answer to the following question on the map and passage below. The map shows the outlines and ages of several calderas created as a result of volcanic activity over the last 16 million years as the North American Plate moved over the Yellowstone Hot Spot. A and B represent locations within the calderas. The Yellowstone Hot Spot The Yellowstone Hot Spot has interacted with the North American Plate, causing widespread outpourings of basalt that buried about 200,000 square miles under layers of lava flows that are a half mile or more thick. Some of the basaltic magma produced by the hot spot accumulates near the base of the plate, where it melts the crust above. The melted crust, in turn, rises closer to the surface to form large reservoirs of potentially explosive rhyolite magma. Catastrophic eruptions have partly emptied some of these reservoirs, causing their roofs to collapse. The resulting craters, some of which are more than 30 miles across, are known as volcanic calderas. Calculate, in miles per million years, the rate at which the North American Plate has moved over the Yellowstone Hot Spot between point A and point B.
Base your answers to questions 54 through 56 on the map below, which shows the generalized surface bedrock for a portion of New York State that appears in the Earth Science Reference Tables. 54. Identify the geologic age and name of the surface metamorphic bedrock found at Mt. Marcy. 55. State the longitude of Mt. Marcy, New York, to the nearest degree. The units and compass direction must be included in your answer. 56. Place an X on the map to represent a location in the Tug Hill Plateau landscape region.
Base your answers to questions 57 through 60 on the two maps and on your knowledge of Earth science. Both maps show data from a December snowstorm. Map 1 shows the snowfall, measured in inches, at various locations in New York State, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Map 2 shows weather conditions in New York State and the surrounding region during the storm. Letter L represents the center of the low-pressure system that produced the snowstorm. Isobars show air pressure, in millibars.
57. Toward which compass direction would this low-pressure center most likely have moved if this system followed a normal storm track? 58. Describe the general surface wind pattern around the low-pressure center shown on map 2. 59. Using map 2, complete the table by describing the weather conditions at Buffalo, New York. 60. Most residents knew this storm was coming. State one action a New York State resident should have taken to prepare for a snow emergency.
Base your answers to questions 61 and 62 on the diagram in your answer booklet, which shows the latitude-longitude grid on a model of Earth. Point Y is a location on Earth's surface. 61. What is Earth s rate of rotation at point Y, in degrees per hour? 62. On the diagram, place an X at 15 S 30 W.
Base your answers to questions 63 and 64 on the passage and map below, and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows ocean depths, measured in meters, off the coast of Massachusetts. Points A, B, and C represent locations on the ocean floor. The Stellwagen Bank discussed in the passage is lightly shaded and labeled on the map. The Stellwagen Bank One of the most exciting adventures for a visitor to Cape Cod, Massachusetts, is going on a whale watch. Large boats leave port two to three times each day carrying passengers to a specific location in the Atlantic Ocean to see the whales. How do the captains of the boats know where to find the whales? The answer is simple. They look for the whales over an area known as the Stellwagen Bank, which is a large undersea deposit of unsorted sand and gravel. The Stellwagen Bank is inferred by scientists to have formed during the Pleistocene Epoch from the slow retreat of massive Ice Age glaciers across this area. Today, cool ocean currents come from the north and flow up and over the Stellwagen Bank. These currents bring nutrients to the surface from deep in the ocean, providing food for oceanic phytoplankton (small plants). Small ocean creatures and fish feed on the phytoplankton. Whales can be found in abundance at the Stellwagen Bank feeding on the many ocean life-forms.
63. Identify the most probable cold ocean current causing the upwelling of nutrients over the Stellwagen Bank. 64. Most whale watching takes place at 42 25' N and 70 25' W. On the map, place an X at this location.
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