A proof of the 3x +1 conjecture

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A proof of he 3 + cojecure (Xjag, Cha Rado ad Televso Uversy) (23..) Su-fawag Absrac: Fd a soluo o 3 + cojecures a mahemacal ool o fd ou he codo 3 + cojecures gve 3 + cojecure became a proof. Keywords: Number heory cojecure Specal seres umber of sages mahemacal mehods Iroduco Jus ake a posve eger, we have mplemeed he followg acos: If s eve, he we wll s dvded by 2 o oba a ew umber / 2; If s a odd umber, he we wll mulply by 3 plus oe, o oba ew dgal 3 +. The we have hs ew umber ad he he mplemeao of he same operao, ad so o dow, here wll always be, Ths s he famous 3 + cojecure. I he wes s ofe referred o as Syracuse cojecure, Collaz problem, Hasse algorhm, Ulam ulla problem ad so o. I he eas, hs cojecure s called he Agle of he valley. I so may mahemacas amed he same suspec, eough o see he dffculy of hs cojecure. I hs paper, a mahemacal ool o prove 3 + cojecure..6, Theorem A: Se s ay eger; s mplemeao 3 + operao, afer a fe umber of operaos, here wll always reach. 2 Lemma Lemma: Se s he sarg umber, s mplemeao 3 operao, here

s always S S (2.) Lemma2: Se s he sarg umber, s mplemeao 3 operao, here s always,,,... (2.2) S 2 Whch, HHH s odd, ad he oly Deerme. S seres of geeral erm formula 3 2, (2, ),, (2.3) Lemma3: If S s ha here are cyclc umber, remove he k, k (2.4) Lemma4: Se s S Seres al ems, he here 3 3... 3 3.. 2 2 2 2 2 (2.5) Lemma 5: Se s S Seres he frs ems, he here... 2... 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 (2.) Ad 2 k k k, k 3 Lemma 6: I S seres, se a aural umber There (2.) 2... = (2.2) 3 log log 2 log 2 3 k 3 (2.3) k Lemma 7: If S s There Crculaory Sequece,The here s always 2

(2.2) log 2 Lemma 8: f S s No Crculaory Sequece, a 3 are s odd umber, s a aural umber There I whch m, 2, 3... a (2.29) >..., >22>33 > (2.3) 2... 2 a 3 3a (2.3) Lemma 9: f S s No Crculaory Sequece, a 3 are s odd umber,, m s a aural umber m, 2, 3... a (2.38) m log 3a, m (2.39) log2 log2 Three... 2 (2.4) Lemma: f S s No Crculaory Sequece, a 3 are s odd umber,, m s a aural umber m,,... a 2 3 (2.5) Always have: m log 3a, m (2.5) log2 log2 3

3 3+cojecureproved Theorem A: Se s ay eger; s mplemeao 3 + operao, afer a fe umber of operaos, here wll always reach. Proof: By Lemma Lemma 2 ha, f we as he sarg umber, ad se Is a odd umber s mplemeao 3 + operao, wll produce a S seres,,... (3.) S 2 If S s a Crculaory Sequece, Always have 2 S,,... (3.2) Accordg o Lemma 3 we kow ha f S here s a Crculaory Sequece, he umber of cycles ca oly, a hs me, Theorem A holds. If S s o Crculaory Sequece, accordg o Lemma 8, we kow ha amog he varous S seres have he followg equaly I whch..., 22 33 (3.3) 2 2... a 3a Ad accordg o Lemma 9, Lemma, we kow ha, smply selec he approprae m,, Always have... 2 (3.4) Because sarg umber value s deermed, combed (3.3) (3.4), o esure he k, k he premse a posve eger, o make..., 22 (3.5) 4

By he (3.5) we always have S,,,...,,...,..., 2 (3.6) By he (3.6) we kow from, oly eed hrough fe-sep operao, Ca be acheved =,Ths S s o Crculaory Sequece coradco bewee. So, S seres s always a Crculaory Sequece, ad he umber of cycles,compleeshe proof. Auhor Coac: E-mal: sfw@63.com Tel: 86-33976333 5

3+ 猜想的一个证明 ( 中国新疆广播电视大学 ) (23..) 苏法王 摘要 : 找到了解决 3+ 猜想的一个数学工具, 找出了 3+ 猜想成立的条件, 给出了 3+ 猜 想成了的一个证明 关键词 : 数论猜想特殊数列, 级数数学方法 引言 随便取一个正整数, 我们进行如下操作 : 如果 是偶数, 那么我们将 除以 2, 得到新的数 /2; 如果 是奇数, 那么我们将 乘以 3 再加上, 得到新的数 3+ 接着我们再将这个新的数施行上述同样的操作, 以此类推下去, 总会得到, 这就是著名的 3+ 猜想 在西方它常被称为西拉古斯 (Syracuse) 猜想, 克拉兹 (Collaz) 问题, 哈斯 (Hasse) 算法, 乌拉姆 (Ulam) 问题等等 而在东方, 这个问题被 称作角谷猜想 以这么多数学家名字命名同一个猜想, 足以看出这个猜想的难度 本文运用一个数学工具, 证明 3+ 猜想 定理 A : 设 为任意整数, 对其实施 3+ 操作, 经过有限次操作, 总会到达 2 引理 引理 : 设 为起始数, 对其实施 3 操作, 总有 S S (2.) 引理 2: 设 为起始数, 对其实施 3 操作, 总有,,,... (2.2) S 2 其中 为奇数且唯一确定 S 数列的通项公式为 6

2 3, (2, ),, (2.3) 引理 3: 如果 S 是循环数列, 除 外 引理 4: 设 为 S 数列尾项, 则有 k, k (2.4) 3 3... 3 3.. 2 2 2 2 2 引理 5: 设 为 S 数列首项, 则有 3 2 2 2 2 2... 2... 3 3 3 3 3 (2.5) (2.) 并且 2 k k k, k 3 (2.) 引理 6: 在 S 数列, 设 为自然数 2... = (2.2) 则有 引理 7: 如果 S 为有循环数列, 则总有 则有 其中 3 log log 2 log 2 3 k 3 (2.3) k m,,... a 2 3 (2.2) log 2 (2.29) >..., >22>33 > (2.3) 2... 2 a 3 3a (2.3) 7

引理 9: 如果 S 是无循环数列, a 3为正奇数,, m为自然数 则有 m,,... a 2 3, (2.38) mlog 3a, m (2.39) log2 log2... 2 (2.4) 引理 : 如果 S 是无循环数列, a 3为正奇数,, m为自然数 总有 : 3 3+ 猜想的证明 m,,... a 2 3, (2.5) mlog 3a, m (2.5) log2 log2 定理 A 设 为任意整数, 对其实施 3+ 操作, 经过有限次操作, 总会到达 证明 : 由引理. 引理 2 得知, 如果我们以 为起始数, 并设 为奇数, 对其实 施 3+ 操作, 会产生一个 S 数列,,... (3.) S 2 如果 S 是有循环数列, 总有 2 S,,... (3.2) 根据引理 3 我们知道, 如果 S 是有循环数列, 其循环数只能为, 此时, 定理 A 成立 如果 S 是无循环数列, 根据引理 8, 我们知道, S 8 数列各项之间有下列不等式..., 22 33 (3.3)

其中 2 2... a 3a 又根据引理 9, 引理, 我们知道只要选取适当 m,, 总有... 2 (3.4) 因为起始数 的值是确定的, 结合 (3.3)(3.4), 在保证 k, k 是正整数的 前提下, 要使..., 22 (3.5) 由 (3.5) 我们总有 S,,,...,,...,..., 2 (3.6) 由 (3.6) 我们知道, 从, 只需经过有限步操作, 可使 =, 这与 S 是无循环 数列矛盾 所以, S 数列总是一个循环数列, 且循环数, 定理证毕 作者联系方式 : 电子邮件 :sfw@63.com 电话 :86-33976333 9

Refereces [] Tomas Olvera e Slva 3 + Cojecure daa valdao persoal web pages hp://www.eea.p/~os/3+.hml [2] Erc Roosedaal 3 + cojecure researchers web hp://persoal.compura.l/erc/wodrous/ [3]Davd Applegae Jeffrey C. Lagaras Desy Bouds for he 3+ Problem II. Kraskov Iequales AT&T Bell Laboraores Murray Hll, NJ 7974, hp://www.ams.org/jourals/mcom/995-64-29/s25-578-995-2763-2/s25-578-995-2763-2.pdf [4]Jeffrey C. Lagaras, The 3+ problem ad s geeralzaos The 3 + Problem: A Aoaed Bblography (963 999) Amer. Mah. Mohly 92 (985) 3-23. [Repred : Coferece o Orgac Mahemacs,Caada Mah. Socey Coferece Proceedgs vol 2, 997, pp. 35-33] Ths paper s o he Web a: www.cecm.sfu.ca/orgacs/papers [5] Jeffrey C. Lagaras The3+ProblemadIsGeeralzaos The Amerca Mahemacal Mohly, Vol. 92, No. (Ja., 985), pp. 3-23, URL: hp://www.jsor.org/sable/232289 [5] Jeffrey C. Lagaras The 3+ Problem: A Aoaed Bblography, II (2-29) Web a: hp://arv.org/abs/mah/6828 [6] su fa-wag The 3 + cojecure proof of crculaory problems,23-8-8 hps://skydrve.lve.com/vew.asp?cd=f896fed8ab85b6&resd=f896fed8ab85b6%2295&app=wor dpdf [7] Egel Egel Epasos,Wkpeda hp://zh.wkpeda.org/wk/%e6%8%a9%e6%a%bc%e5%b%94%e5%b%95%e5%bc%8%e5%bc% 8F