Akuni Adventures GPS Navigation Course Welcome 1
GPS Navigation Course Instructor: Joe Bourgeois joe@akuni.com 2
Waiver Please take a moment to read and sign your waiver. Thank You 3
Maps: Agenda Margin Information Locating Points on a Map Scale and Distance North on a Map Compass: Parts of Compass Following a bearing 4
Agenda GPS History How it works WAAS Menus and Setup 5
Learning Tools: Student Workbook Large Topographical Map of Bolton and Mattawa Map of Area Clip Board Metre stick as a tool to determine coordinates Seconds Measuring tool Please do not make any marks on the maps!! 6
Becoming a Competent Navigator requires an understanding of the: The Map, the Compass and the GPS 7
Maps 8
Maps The map will always be necessary. The digital computer map, the cartography on the GPS screen, the traditional paper map. these are the first three questions you must ask yourself: 9
3 Important Map Questions Where are you on the map? Current Location Where are you going? Destination How am I going to specifically identify these locations? Means of Measurement 10
Means of Measurement Inventor of the Latitude and Longitude system. Ptolemy (approx 87-150 AD) was the first to place a grid system on a map and use the same grid system for the entire planet. Inventor of the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection. Gerardus Mercator (1512-1594), a Flemish cartographer, introduced the term atlas for a collection of maps.
Latitude & Longitude vs. Universal Transverse Mercator Latitude and Longitude system Example: N049 o 17.344 W081 o 45.344 Latitude is horizontal lines, Longitude is vertical lines Uses degrees, minutes, and decimal minutes (or seconds) Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Example: 17T E663450 N5129525 Eastings is vertical lines, Northings is horizontal lines Uses the metric system. Based on metres.
And the Winner is We choose to use the UTM system for mapping and navigating because its coordinates are based on the metric system. UTM ZONE UTM Here s a sample coordinate: Easting The 0 is shown on Garmin units as a significant place holder E 0663450 17T N 5129525 Northing
Maps Map Margin Information 14
Topographic Map Tour Grid North, True North, and Magnetic North (manual p. 23) Grid Zone Designation: 17T (manual p.6) North American Datum 1983 (NAD83) American Datum 1927 (NAD27) Scale 1:50 000 Bolton 30 M/13 E Eastings (584000) N Northings (4847000) Latitude (43 58.000) Longitude (79 31.000) E Eastings (587000) N Northings (4849000) Latitude (43 59.000) Longitude (79 32.000)
Map Scale for Wilderness Travel 1/250 000 Scale Map 1/250 000 scale map gives a general overview of a large area and is a perfect guide for pre-trip planning. It covers an area of approximately 8 000 square kilometres or 160 km x 110 km, and depicts numerous aspects of the terrain. Refer to the map detail and natural landmarks to guide yourself through unfamiliar areas. A 1/50 000 Scale Map 1/50 000 scale map is highly detailed and covers an area of approximately 1 100 square kilometres or 40 km x 28 km. It shows vegetation, cultural information, approved names (toponymy), land elevation and water bodies, in great detail. Note: A 1/250 000 scale map covers the same area as sixteen 1/50 000 scale maps. 16
Exercise 1 Map Margin Information 17
Maps Locating Points on a Map 18
Maps Maps Geographic Coordinates (Latitude and Longitude) 19
Geographic Coordinates (Latitude and Longitude) are internationally recognized for use in land, sea and air navigation. UTM may or may not be a recognized coordinate in some countries. 20
43 51 45 N 79 39 30 W Latitude and Longitude Geographic Coordinates 21
Geographic Coordinates Geographic Coordinates are the world-wide system of latitude and longitude used to define the location of any point on the earth's surface. The oldest and most Internationally recognized reference system. 22
How Geographic Coordinates work 23
Geographic Coordinates are written as: 43 51 45 N Latitude 79 39 30 W Longitude Degrees Minutes Seconds Cardinal Direction 24
Longitude Latitude 25
44 N Note: these are angular measurements not time measurements There are 60 Minutes in one degree 43 N 80 W 79 W 26
There are 60 second in one minute 43 N 80 W 79 W 27
Let s try with a Canadian Topographical Map: First find the latitude degrees North Latitude = 45 N 28
Next find the minutes North Latitude = 45 47 N 29
Last find the seconds North: Latitude = 45 47 30 N 30
Now find the degrees longitude West Longitude = 80 W 31
Next find the minutes west Longitude = 80 32 W 32
Last find the seconds West Longitude = 80 32 38 W 33
The geographic coordinate for point A is: Latitude = 45 47 30 N Longitude = 80 32 38 W 34
Alternatives to represent Latitude and Longitude: Latitude = 45 47 30 N Longitude = 80 32 38 W Same as: Latitude = 45 47.500 N Longitude = 80 32.634 W Same as: Latitude = 45.79167 N Longitude = 80.54389 W 35
Example 36
Together we will try Exercise #2 (in Workbook- Instructor Lead) 37
With your partner try Exercise #3 and #4 (in Workbook) 38
Geographic Distances At any point on the earth, the ground distance covered by one degree of latitude is about 111 kilometers (69 miles);; One Minute equals one nautical mile(nm). one second is equal to about 30 meters (100 feet). The ground distance covered by one degree of longitude at the equator is also about 111 kilometers, but decreases as one moves north or south, until it becomes zero at the poles. Ground distance can be measured from the latitude lines on the side of the map. 39
So what s the difference between a Nautical Mile and a Statute Mile? A Nautical Mile is the ground distance of one Minute. A Statute Mile is defined as 5280ft based on the English foot or American foot (now obsolete). The International Mile is defined as 5280ft based on the International foot. The difference between a Statue Mile and International mile is 3mm. 40
Summary Geographic Coordinates are Made up of Degrees, Minutes and Seconds for both latitude and longitude Geographic Coordinates are important for trip planning and emergency response. Use it or lose it! Make an effort to practice geographic coordinates until this becomes second nature. 41
Break 42
Maps Maps Universal Transverse Mercator's (UTM) 43
UTM Grid UTM Grid is a world wide system based on metres from a reference point. The horizontal lines (Northings) are numbered in metres from the equator. With the southern most point in Canada being 4,620,000 metres from the equator, all Northing values will be above this number. 44
UTM Grid Cont d Vertical lines (eastings) are measured from a separate point for each zone, an imaginary line lying 500 000 metres west of the zone's central meridian 45
Maps: Locating points on a map Worldwide UTM Grid Zones 60 ZONES 46
What a Zone Looks Like ZONE 17T 5,100,000m (From Equator) 000m (Theoretical) 500,000m 1,000,000m (Theoretical) 47
What a Grid Looks Like 5126000m N. 26 Object Location: Zone 17T Easting: 656750E Northing: 5125250N 5125000m N. 25 56 57 656000m E. 657000m E. 17T 48
What we really use 5126000m N. 26 Normally we only consider a reference down to 10 or 100 meters. 5125000m N. 25 56 57 656000m E. 657000m E. 17T The conventional way to reference this object is: 56752525 (10m) Or 567252 (100m) Reference :Map 31 E/17 Where the first half of the reading is Easting, and the second half the Northing. You must indicate the map when using this reference. 49
Example 50
Use of a Roamer 5126000m N. 26 A roamer can be used for more accuracy. Usually you can get to 10 meter accuracy. Roamers are separate templates or found on higher end compasses. 5125000m N. 25 56 57 656000m E. 657000m E. 17T 51
Lets Find Some Points What is the UTM for the yellow dot? What is the UTM for the green dot? What is the UTM and Lat. Long decimal minutes? What is the UTM and Lat. Long decimal minutes
Answers 17T E 589800 N 4853600 Lat. 43 49.800 Long. 79 53.000 17T E 597800 N 4871700 Lat. 43 59.500 Long. 79 46.800 17T E 582750 N 4856250 Lat. 43 51.300 Long. 79 58.250? 17T E 619200 N 4868250 Lat. 43 57.450 Long. 79 30.850
With your partner try Exercise #5 (in Workbook) 54
Maps North on a Map 55
North on a Map There are three North references on a topographical map: True North Magnetic North Grid North 56
True North True North is the direction of the north pole from any given point. The grid lines on a map are not pointing accurately to the north pole due to grid error (round earth, square paper). You must make a correction to determine true north. 57
Grid North Grid north is the direction of the north-south lines on a map. Except through the origin, grid lines do not lie true north and south or east and west. 58
Grid North A correction must be calculated to find True north. If the Grid North on the map is indicated as 0 53 East of True North, and the magnetic declination is 11 39 West of True North. The bearing adjustment would be: Bearing = [Add (11 39-0 53 ) ] to your reading to get True North bearing on your compass. 59
Grid North In reality, unless you are in the high Arctic the Grid North deviation is negligible. If Grid North is less then 1 degree it is ignored. 60
Magnetic North Magnetic North is the point, in the far north of Canada, to which a compass needle points. Magnetic Declination is the angle between true north and magnetic north. Magnetic declination must be adjusted when taking a bearing from a map. 61
The Compass 62
Compass Parts of a Compass 63
64
Compass Compass Use 65
Compass Use How to hold a compass Tips on compass use 66
How to hold a compass Always hold the compass level If using an orienteering or siting compass hold it at eye level and use the mirror or site Watch out for and avoid anything that will affect the compass Pick a reference object to walk to Until you are comfortable traveling with a compass keep in mind the carpenters adage: measure once, cut twice;; measure twice, cut once this means take your time and do things carefully 67
Tips on compass use Take your time Be as accurate as you can Always be aware of your environment and anything in it that can affect the compass reading (power lines, pipelines, vehicles, rifles, magnets on flashlights, etc) People walking across a slope will tend to slide downhill without being aware pick good references and go to them 68
Tips on compass use cont d Most people have one leg shorter than the other, this will cause you to drift toward the direction of your shorter leg When going around obstacles alternate sides, left one the right one The old method of leapfrogging a partner to maintain an accurate line of travel is time consuming and no more accurate than just reading the compass and walking 69
Compass Plotting and Following a Bearing 70
Compass bearings Bearing: The horizontal angle at a given point, measured clockwise from magnetic north or true north to a second point. Back bearing: the reciprocal angle from a second point back to your location 71
Take Bearing in the Field (compass only) 1. Hold compass level in front of you, and point direction of travel line at a target. 2. Rotate compass housing to align pointed end of declination arrow with red end of magnetic needle ( Box the needle) 3. Read the bearing at index line. 72
Follow a Bearing in the Field 1. Set desired bearing at index line. 2. Hold compass level in front of you, and turn your entire body, including your feet, until red end of magnetic needle is aligned with pointed end of declination arrow. ( Box the needle) 3. Travel in the direction shown by the direction of travel line. If you do not see your destination in front of you because of obstacles such as trees, travel toward an object you see ahead of you. Once there, repeat step 2 and 3 until you arrive at your destination. 73
Exercise Following a bearing (Instructor led) 74
GPS Global Positioning System 75
GPS: A Brief History Developed (and owned) by the US DOD Originally intended to be a military tool. 2 levels of service: Standard Positioning Service (SPS) Precise Positioning Service (PPS) In development since the early 1970 s First satellite launched in 1978, full constellation by 1994
How does GPS Work? A four step process Satellite Triangulation Receiver measures distance using the travel time or radio signals Gets the exact location of the satellites in orbit Corrects any errors that occur A GPS Unit requires 3 satellites to lock onto before it can get a coordinate reading.
A GPS Receiver GPS does not send information - It will not tell other people where you are. Your GPS unit will show your location with a reception from 3 or more satellites, Reception can be affected by thick forest, buildings or the roof of your car. Two Dimensional Navigation (2DNAV) is sufficient for navigating. Three Dimensional Navigation (3DNAV) works the same as 2DNAV but includes which extra dimension? ELEVATION
WAAS Wide Area Augmentation System WAAS is a feature found on most higher end GPS s. It provides a higher level of accuracy down to about 3 meters compared to 10 meters on GPSs without WAAS. Initially setup for aviation use. 80
How WAAS works Two satellites available in the continental U.S., one over the Atlantic, and One over the Pacific. Both are in Geostationary orbits above the equator. A network of ground based stations that double check the GPS standard signal for errors. The corrections are relayed to the WAAS enabled satellites WAAS satellites are numbered 33 or higher 81
How WAAS works Initial reception may take 15-20 minutes and 1-2 minutes thereafter Accuracy is 3-5 meters 95% of the time with WAAS. 10-15m accuracy without WAAS. Must be in clear open view of the sky. No obstructions, because the satellites are sitting in the geostationary orbit. To improve performance of your GPS, disable this feature. It requires more resources and can slow your system down and use more battery power. GPS without WAAS are 50% accurate on the vertical readings. More info at http://gps.faa.gov 82
DGPS Differential Global Positioning System For marine use. Used to guide ships in tight ports where accuracy is important. Broadcast from land based antennas. GPS needs a special antenna. 3-5 meter accuracy 83
GLONASS Global Navigation Satellite System GLONASS is a Russian satellitebased navigation system that works alongside GPS to provide position information to compatible devices. With an additional 24 satellites to utilize, GLONASS compatible receivers can acquire satellites up to 20% faster than devices that rely on GPS alone. 84
Some GPS terms Position (POS, POSN) Your current location, given in reference to a chosen grid system. Waypoint/Landmark (WPT, LMK) A location described by a name and a grid reference. Bearing (BRG) The angle, in degrees, from magnetic North between your current position and a waypoint. Distance (DST) The straight-line distance between your current position and a waypoint. Track (TRK) A group of past positions, strung together in sequence, showing a relative path. Speed (SPD) Rate of travel
Map Datum The earth is an ellipsoid. A datum defines how a coordinate system is seated over the ellipsoid. Canadian Maps datums are either "North American Datum 1927" or "North American Datum 1983". NAD 83 is the most common. GPS use the world wide standard WGS84 86
Turn on the GPS Hold the power button for about a second. Don t forget to wear your wrist strap! Set your unit to SIMULATOR for use indoors! Listen and follow your instructor. Don t jump ahead or you ll get lost!
The Main Pages Every GPS displays its information on a set of main pages. These pages include: Satellite Page Map Page Compass Page Position Page Main Menu Page
Set Your GPS to Simulator (Use Indoors) Change mode from Normal to Simulator for use indoors.
SATELLITE PAGES Garmin Garmin Garmin Garmin etrex 12 etrex Vista 60 This is where we check if we have an adequate signal to use the GPS The outer circle is the horizon, the inner circle is a 45 o angle in the sky, and the dot in the centre is straight up. The numbers in the circle correspond to the numbers in the bar diagram 2DNAV is X and Y axis. 3DNAV has a third dimension: Y
MAP PAGES Garmin etrex Garmin 12 Garmin 72 Garmin 60 TRAK MAPS Some GPS units come with maps, others require a map to be uploaded to the unit. Use the zoom option to change the scale of your map Use the pan option to look at the off-screen parts of the map *quit or esc gets you back Set your map to North Up or Track Up
COMPASS PAGES Garmin etrex Garmin 12 Garmin 72 Garmin 60 Garmin 60c This is the screen we use to navigate to a given waypoint On newer units, you can manipulate the data fields to show what s important to you The arrow will show you the direction to travel *straight line The arrow is usually wrong if you are standing still you have to be moving!
POSITION PAGES Garmin etrex Garmin 12 Garmin etrex Vista Garmin 60 On newer units, your position is given right on the Satellite Page The accuracy of these coordinates will depend on satellite reception Position will likely be wrong if your map datum isn t set properly
MAIN MENU PAGES Garmin etrex Garmin 12 Garmin etrex Vista
Setup Menus The Setup Menu can usually be found on the Main Menu page. The setup menu is where you access All the various settings which you need To know about to properly operate your GPS. Newer units have more options. Garmin etrex Lets Set our units..(next slide) Garmin 60c
Setting your GPS Be sure to set the map datum to WGS 84 or the specific datum shown on the map you are using Set your Position Format (UTM or Lat/Long) Set the Units (metric or imperial) See the next slide for an example.
Navigation Setup Position Format Map Datum Units
Google Magnetic Declination Calculator NRCAN
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