CCHS 2016_2017 Biology Fall Semester Exam Review Biomolecule General Knowledge Macromolecule Monomer (building block) Function Structure 1. What type of biomolecule is hair, skin, and nails? Energy Storage 2. What is the polymer of a nucleotide? 3. Which of the macromolecule groups include enzymes? Glycerol/Fatty Acid 4. Which group contains only molecules that are each assembled from smaller organic monomers? (circle answer) Nucleic Acid Enzyme a. proteins, water, DNA, fats b. proteins, starch, carbon dioxide, water c. proteins, DNA, fats, starch d. proteins, carbon dioxide, DNA, starch 5. Whales are marine organisms that typically live in extremely cold water. What macromolecule composes the thick layer of blubber that surrounds their internal organs? Explain your answer. Cell Cycle 1. State what occurs at the following: a. G1- b. S C. G2- d. M - 2. What is the end result after M stage is completed? 3. Explain why it is important that mitosis occurs after DNA replication takes place. 4. A mutation occurred at M stage and caused uncontrolled cell growth, also known as Cell Transport and Homeostasis 1. Which illustration above would best represent what would happen to a plant cell placed in a 15% salt solution? 2. Which illustration above would best represent what would happen to a plant cell placed in distilled water (0% salt)? 3. Which of the plant cells demonstrates being under high turgor pressure? 4. What plant cell structure most likely prevents a situation found in cell 4? 5. Underneath each cell, label as isotonic, hypertonic or hypotonic. DNA Structure 1. The structure to the right depicts a. 7. Label the following on the DNA strand to the left: 2. The backbone or sides of the DNA double helix are made up of alternating and. 3. is the sugar of DNA. 4. The genetic information is stored in the of the DNA nucleotide. 5. List the DNA base pair rules. 6. If the amount of cytosine equals 35%, what percentage of the bases is thymine? Use the letter P to label ONE phosphate molecule Use the letter S to label ONE sugar molecule Draw an arrow and use the letter H to label ONE hydrogen bond CIRCLE and LABEL one nucleotide Label ALL of the missing nitrogen bases
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells 1. In Biology class, Joe was looking through a microscope at an unlabeled single-celled organism. How would Joe be able to determine if the unknown organism was prokaryotic or eukaryotic? 2. Cell Type: Free floating genetic material Ribosome Cytoplasm Cell Membrane 3. Cell Type: Nucleus Ribosome Cytoplasm Cell Membrane 4. Cell Type: Mitochondria Vacuole Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosome 5. Cell Type: Nucleus Cell Membrane Enzyme Reactions 1. What is the function of an enzyme? 2. Label structures A, B and C on the diagram A C B D 3. What is the function of the catalase in this reaction? 4. Identify the substrate in this reaction. 5. List 2 factors that could denature the catalase in this reaction. Protein Synthesis Labeling Label each number in the diagram 1. 6. 2. 7. 3. 8. 4. 9. 5. 10. Cytoplasm DNA Ribosome Anticodon trna Codon Amino acid mrna Protein Nucleus 1. What cellular process is illustrated between numbers 1 and 2? 2. What cellular process is illustrated between numbers 6 and 7? 3. Which of the following sequence best represents the relationship between DNA and traits?
Cell Structure and Function 2. What is the name of the structure that would release carbon dioxide as a waste product? 3. Do both of the cells contain the organelle from question 2? WHY or WHY NOT? 4. How does the cell membrane help maintain homeostasis? 1. List three structures that would be found in the cell above left, but NOT in the cell to the right. Changes in the Cell Cycle In Diagram A, cells are undergoing normal cell growth. What would uncontrolled cell growth look like? Use Diagram B to depict this process. 5. Which of the structures contains the information needed for protein synthesis? 1. What environmental factors can potentially lead to disruption in mitosis? 2. Patient has been diagnosed with cancer. Over the last six months, uncontrolled cell division has steadily increased. The patient had chemotherapy to destroy the tumor. Cell division has returned to normal. Sketch a graph on the axis to the left that illustrates this. Active Transport 1. ATP would be used in which of these cells to transport the molecules? 2. Identify the types of cell transport being used in each cell as active or passive. Cell A= Cell B= 3. Based on your previous knowledge, where is ATP manufactured within the cell? DNA vs RNA 1. Which structure above most accurately depicts the structure of DNA? 2. The shape of DNA is called a. 3. What model above represents a RNA structure? 4. DNA and RNA have similarities and differences. Fill in the table below using your previous knowledge. DNA BOTH RNA
Protein Synthesis 1. The process of going from DNA to mrna is known as. This process occurs only in the of a cell. 2. The process of going from mrna to trna is known as. This process occurs only in the of the cell. 3. Complete the following table. Use the codon chart to determine the amino acid. DNA ATC TAT mrna CCC trna Amino Acid 4. The monomer of a protein is a(n). 5. In what cellular organelle does protein synthesis occur? Enzyme-Graph Interpretation 1. What is a valid conclusion based on the information in the graph? 2. Describe enzyme activity? 3. At what temperature has the enzyme begun to denature? 4. Identify the dependent variable based on the information in the graph. 5. What would be an appropriate title for this graph? 6. What is activation energy? 7. Line B in the given graph represents the reaction with a catalyst added to substrates. How did the catalyst affect the reaction? Mutations For each of the following scenarios locate and circle the mutation and then answer the questions. Original DNA ATC TTT GCG CAA TGT Mutation 1 ATC TTT GCG GAA TGT Mutation Type: Original DNA ATC TTT GCG CAA AGT Mutation 2 ATC TTT CGC GCA ATG T Mutation Type: Original DNA ATC TTT GCG CAA AGT Mutation 3 ATC TTG GCG AAT GT Mutation Type: 1. What type(s) of mutation would be the least harmful to an organism? Why? 2. What type(s) of mutation would be the most detrimental to an organism? Why? 3. Are mutations always bad? Why or why not?
Meiosis Use the diagram of Meiosis to label A-H on the following diagram using the terms provided: 4 Haploid Cells / 2 Diploid Cells / DNA Replication / Meiosis II / Homologous Chromosomes / Meiosis I / First Division / Second Division A B A C B C D E F G H 1. What process takes place at location E? 2. A cross-over in meiosis is an exchange of genetic material between 3. What does crossing over result in? Mitosis vs Meiosis -Use your notes and the image provided to complete the data table. Mitosis Meiosis 1 Function Makes gametes (sperm or eggs) 2 Type of Cells That Undergo this Autosomes (body cells) Process 3 # of Daughter Cells 2 4 Change in Chromosome # 5 # of Divisions 2 6 Difference in DNA Between Parent and Daughter Cells DNA is identical Genetics 1. In guinea pigs the allele for black fur (B) is dominant over the allele for brown fur (b), and the allele for short fur (F) is dominant over the allele for long fur (f). What percentage of the offspring from a BbFf x bbff cross would be expected to be heterozygous for both traits? Punnet Square: Percentage of offspring that will be heterozygous for both traits.
2. Tomato plants usually have hairy stems. Hairless stems are present in tomato plants that are homozygous recessive for this trait. If the stem characteristics are determined by a single gene, what are the expected phenotype percentages for the offspring when two heterozygous parents are crossed? Punnet Square: Expected phenotypic ratios of offspring 3. Colorblindness is a sex linked trait on the chromosome. A colorblind man has children with a woman who is a carrier for the disorder. If the two have a daughter, what is the probability that she will be colorblind? If the two have a son, what is the probability that he will be colorblind? Punnet Square: Probablity daughter will be colorblind: Probability son will be colorblind: Virus Label the parts of the virus A B C D What type of virus is this? Use both images to explain what is happening at B- G- F- Briefly explain the difference between lytic and lysogenic cycles