Particle Acceleration and Detection Beam-Wave Interaction in Periodic and Quasi-Periodic Structures Bearbeitet von Levi Schächter 1. Auflage 2011. Buch. xvi, 441 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 642 19847 2 Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 847 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Physik, Astronomie > Quantenphysik > Teilchenphysik Zu Leseprobe schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.
1 Introduction... 1 1.1 Single-Particle Interaction... 2 1.1.1 Infinite Length of Interaction... 2 1.1.2 Finite Length of Interaction... 4 1.1.3 Cerenkov Interaction... 5 1.1.4 Compton Scattering: Static Fields... 6 1.1.5 Compton Scattering: Dynamic Fields.... 7 1.1.6 Uniform Magnetic Field... 7 1.2 Radiation Sources: Brief Overview... 8 1.2.1 The Klystron... 9 1.2.2 The Traveling Wave Tube... 10 1.2.3 The Gyrotron... 11 1.2.4 The Free Electron Laser... 13 1.2.5 The Magnetron... 13 1.2.6 The Vircator... 14 1.2.7 Classification Criteria... 15 1.3 Accelerators... 17 1.3.1 RF Photo Injector... 17 1.3.2 Damping Ring... 18 1.3.3 Advanced Acceleration Concepts... 19 1.4 Choice and Organization of the Material... 20 2 Elementary Electromagnetic Phenomena... 23 2.1 Maxwell s Equations... 23 2.1.1 Constitutive Relations... 24 2.1.2 Boundary Conditions... 24 2.1.3 Poynting s Theorem... 25 2.1.4 Steady-State Regime... 27 2.1.5 Complex Poynting s Theorem... 28 2.1.6 Potentials... 29 xi
xii 2.1.7 Edge Effect... 30 2.1.8 Reciprocity Theorem... 31 2.2 Simple Wave Phenomena... 32 2.2.1 Simple Propagating Waves... 33 2.2.2 The Radiation Condition... 34 2.2.3 Evanescent Waves... 35 2.2.4 Waves of a Moving Charge... 36 2.3 Guided Waves... 37 2.3.1 Transverse Electromagnetic Mode... 37 2.3.2 Transverse Magnetic Mode... 39 2.3.3 Velocities and Impedances... 41 2.3.4 Transverse Electric Mode... 44 2.3.5 TE, TM and Hybrid Modes in a Dielectric Waveguide... 47 2.4 Green s Scalar Theorem... 48 2.4.1 Cerenkov Radiation in the Boundless Case... 49 2.4.2 Cerenkov Radiation in a Cylindrical Waveguide... 51 2.4.3 Coherent Cerenkov Radiation... 56 2.4.4 Cerenkov Force... 60 2.4.5 Ohm Force... 63 2.5 Finite Length Effects... 64 2.5.1 Impedance Discontinuities... 65 2.5.2 Geometric Discontinuity... 68 2.5.3 Wake-Field in a Cavity... 74 2.6 Scattered Waves Phenomena... 79 2.6.1 Plane Wave Scattered by a Dielectric Cylinder... 79 2.6.2 Evanescent Waves Scattered by a Dielectric Cylinder... 83 2.6.3 Evanescent Waves Scattered by a Metallic Wedge... 86 3 Elementary Electron Dynamics... 93 3.1 Classical Dynamics... 93 3.1.1 Newtonian Equations of Motion... 94 3.1.2 Lagrangian Formalism... 95 3.1.3 Hamiltonian Formalism... 96 3.1.4 Kinetic Approximation: Liouville s Theorem... 98 3.1.5 Hydrodynamic Approximation... 100 3.1.6 Global Energy Conservation... 102 3.2 Special Theory of Relativity... 103 3.2.1 Basic Principles... 103 3.2.2 Lorentz Transformation... 104 3.2.3 Kinetic and Dynamic Quantities... 106 3.3 Electron Generation... 109 3.3.1 Field Emission from a Rough Surface... 109 3.3.2 Enhanced Field Emission by a Dielectric Medium... 114 3.3.3 Child-Langmuir Limiting Current: Planar Diode... 118
xiii 3.3.4 Child-Langmuir Limiting Current: Emitting Edge... 121 3.4 Beam Propagation... 126 3.4.1 Beam Propagation in Free Space: Uniform B-Field... 126 3.4.2 Beam Propagation in Free Space: Periodic B-Field... 130 3.4.3 Beam Propagation in a Waveguide... 131 3.4.4 Beam Emittance and Brightness... 136 3.5 Space-Charge Waves... 139 3.5.1 Slow and Fast Space-Charge Waves..... 140 3.5.2 Negative and Positive Energy... 141 3.5.3 Resistive Wall Instability... 142 3.5.4 Two-Beam Instability... 145 3.5.5 Interference of Space-Charge Waves..... 149 3.6 Radiation from Moving Charges... 152 3.6.1 Radiation from an Oscillating Dipole.... 153 3.6.2 Radiation from a Moving Charge... 155 3.6.3 Ensemble of Radiating Sources... 156 3.6.4 Synchrotron Radiation of an Ensemble of Electrons... 158 4 Models of Beam Wave Interaction in Slow-Wave Structures... 169 4.1 Semi-Infinite Structure: Pierce-Like Theory.... 170 4.1.1 Dielectric Filled Waveguide... 171 4.1.2 Partially Filled Waveguide... 177 4.2 Finite Length Effects... 182 4.2.1 Oscillator... 183 4.2.2 Gain and Bandwidth Considerations..... 185 4.2.3 Interaction in an Extended Cavity... 189 4.2.4 Backward-Wave Oscillator... 191 4.3 Macro-particle Approach... 193 4.3.1 Simplified Set of Equations... 193 4.3.2 Phase-Space Distribution: Linear Regime... 198 4.3.3 Phase-Space Distribution: Saturation..... 201 4.3.4 Interaction in a Slowly Tapered Structure... 202 4.3.5 Noise... 204 4.3.6 Super-Radiant Emission... 205 4.3.7 Resonant Particle Model... 206 4.4 Amplifier and Oscillator: A Unified Approach... 209 4.4.1 Simplified Set of Equations... 210 4.4.2 Ideal Amplifier... 215 4.4.3 Ideal Oscillator... 216 4.4.4 Global Energy Conservation... 217 4.4.5 Reflections in an Amplifier... 218 4.4.6 Spatial Variations in an Oscillator... 221 4.5 Parasitic Hybrid Mode... 225
xiv 5 Periodic Structures... 231 5.1 The Floquet Theorem... 232 5.2 Closed Periodic Structure... 239 5.2.1 Dispersion Relation... 240 5.2.2 Spatial Harmonics Coupling... 243 5.2.3 Interaction Parameters... 245 5.3 Open Periodic Structure... 249 5.3.1 Dispersion Relation... 251 5.3.2 Interaction Parameters... 253 5.3.3 Green s Function: The Smith-Purcell Effect... 256 5.3.4 Periodic Structure and Non-periodic Source... 259 5.4 Bragg Waveguides... 261 5.4.1 Matching Layer... 262 5.4.2 Field Distribution... 266 5.4.3 Dispersion Curves... 268 5.4.4 Quasi-TEM Mode... 269 5.4.5 Forces on the Layers and Discontinuities... 269 5.5 Transients and Wakes... 274 5.5.1 Propagation of a Wave-Packet in a Periodic Structure... 275 5.5.2 Wake in a Closed Periodic Structure..... 277 5.5.3 Wake Effect in a Bragg Waveguide...... 281 6 Quasi-Periodic Structures... 287 6.1 Homogeneous Solution... 289 6.1.1 Definition of the Model... 290 6.1.2 Evaluation of Green s Function... 292 6.1.3 Transmission and Reflection... 293 6.2 Non-homogeneous Solution... 295 6.2.1 Green s Function... 295 6.2.2 Stationary Dipole... 298 6.2.3 Distributed Current Density... 300 6.3 Beam-Wave Interaction: Hydrodynamic Approximation... 303 6.3.1 Definition of the Model... 303 6.3.2 Evaluation of Green s Function... 305 6.3.3 Transmission and Reflection... 309 6.4 Macro-Particle Approach... 311 6.4.1 Definition of the Model... 312 6.4.2 Evaluation of Green s Function... 314 6.4.3 The Governing Equations... 317 6.4.4 Qualitative Approach... 322 6.5 Surface Roughness... 324 6.5.1 Definition of the Model... 324 6.5.2 Emitted Energy... 326 6.6 Photo-Injector... 328
xv 7 Free-Electron Laser... 335 7.1 Spontaneous Radiation... 336 7.2 Low-Gain Compton Regime... 342 7.3 High-Gain Compton Regime... 345 7.3.1 The Dispersion Relation... 348 7.3.2 Cold Beam Operation... 350 7.3.3 Warm Beam Operation... 353 7.4 Macro-Particle Approach... 355 7.4.1 Basic Formulation... 355 7.4.2 Resonant Particle Solution... 360 7.4.3 Buckets... 361 7.4.4 Energy Spread... 364 7.5 Other FEL Schemes... 369 7.5.1 Gas Loaded FEL... 369 7.5.2 Longitudinal Wiggler FEL... 370 7.5.3 Rippled-Field Magnetron... 371 7.5.4 Wiggler and Guiding Magnetic Field.... 371 7.5.5 Electromagnetic Wiggler... 372 7.5.6 Electrostatic Wiggler... 372 7.5.7 Channeling Radiation... 375 7.6 X-Ray FEL... 375 7.6.1 Seeding Techniques... 376 7.6.2 Self Focusing... 380 7.6.3 Quantum Recoil... 380 7.6.4 Harmonic Generation... 381 7.6.5 Undulator Errors... 381 7.6.6 Roughness and Resistive Wall Effects... 382 8 Basic Acceleration Concepts... 385 8.1 Basic Linear Acceleration Concepts... 386 8.1.1 Constant Gradient and Constant Impedance Structures... 386 8.1.2 Auxiliary Coupling... 390 8.1.3 Phase Dynamics... 390 8.1.4 Transverse Effects: Panofsky-Wenzel Theorem... 393 8.1.5 Beam Break-up... 397 8.2 Advanced Accelerator Concepts: Brief Overview... 399 8.3 Two Beam Accelerator... 400 8.4 Plasma-Based Acceleration... 404 8.4.1 Laser Wake Field Acceleration... 405 8.4.2 Beam-Driven Plasma Wake-Field Acceleration (PWFA)... 406 8.5 Other Wake-Field Acceleration Schemes... 407 8.5.1 Dielectric Wake-Field Accelerator... 407 8.5.2 Wake-Field Acceleration in a Periodic Structure... 409 8.6 Inverse of Radiation Effects... 410
xvi 8.6.1 Inverse FEL... 411 8.6.2 Inverse Cerenkov... 412 8.6.3 Open Structure Accelerator... 413 8.6.4 PASER: Particle Acceleration by Stimulated Emission of Radiation... 415 8.7 Optical Accelerators... 419 8.7.1 Optical Linear Collider... 419 8.7.2 All Optical Light Source... 420 References... 425 Index... 437
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