Copyright WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA,69469 Weinheim,Germany,2012. Supporting Information for Small,DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201125 Graphene: A Reusable Substrate for Unprecedented Adsorption of Pesticides Shihabudheen M. Maliyekkal, T. S. Sreeprasad, Deepti Krishnan, Summayya Kouser, Abhishek Kumar Mishra, Umesh V. Waghmare,* and T. Pradeep*
Supporting Information For DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201125 Graphene: A Reusable Substrate for Unprecedented Adsorption of Pesticides Shihabudheen M. Maliyekkal, T. S. Sreeprasad, Deepti Krishnan, Summayya Kouser, Abhishek Kumar Mishra, Umesh V. Waghmare* and T. Pradeep* [*] Dr. Shihabudheen M. Maliyekkal, Dr. T. S. Sreeprasad, Ms. Deepti Krishnan, Prof. T. Pradeep* DST Unit on Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai - 600 036, India E-mail: pradeep@iitm.ac.in; Fax: 91-44-2257-0545/ 0509 Dr. Shihabudheen M. Maliyekkal School of Mechanical and Building Sciences VIT University, Chennai Campus Chennai-600 127, India Ms. Summayya Kouser, Dr. Abhishek Kumar Mishra, Prof. Umesh V. Waghmare* Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore 560 064, India E-mail: waghmare@jncasr.ac.in - 1 -
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Table of contents Sample S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7A S7B S8A Description Detailed synthetic procedure for GO and RGO Water quality characteristics of the groundwater used in the study EDAX spectrum of the RGO Adsorption of ES and ML as a function of RGO and GO dose HPLC traces of ML and ES before and after contact with RGO Time dependent removal of ES and ML by RGO UV/Vis spectra of RGO recorded at the end of each adsorption-desorption cycle Performance comparison of RGO for three consecutive cycles of adsorptiondesorption process Positive ion DESI mass spectrum of CP on glass plate S8B MS/MS analysis of m/z 352 S9A Positive ion DESI mass spectrum of ML on RGO S9B MS/MS analysis of m/z 331 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 SEM, EDAX and TEM data of RGO after adsorption of ML Relaxed structures of G-CP and G-CP-W complexes Binding energies of thermodynamically most stable complexes of water (W), graphene (G) and pesticide (P) Adsorption energies of ternary complexes of pesticide, water and graphene Relaxed structure of G-W-ML complex Variation in binding energies as function of number of water molecules Variation in adsorption energies as a function of concentration of endosulfan Supporting Information S1. Detailed synthetic procedure for the preparation of GO and RGO. Preoxidation of Graphite - 3 -
The reactions were carried out in a 250 ml beaker. 25 ml of concentrated H 2 SO 4, 5 g of K 2 S 2 O 8 and 5 g of P 2 O 5 were added to the reactor and heated to 90 C with constant stirring. After complete dissolution of the reactants, the temperature of the reaction was decreased to 80 C. 6 g of graphite powder were then added slowly to the reactor. Bubbling was observed initially and it subsided over a period of 30 min. Temperature of the reaction mixture was maintained at 80 C for 5 h. Subsequently, heating was stopped and the mixture was diluted with 1 L of deionized water (DW) and left undisturbed overnight. The resultant solution was then filtered and washed to remove excess acid. The solid product was dried in air overnight. Oxidation to Graphite Oxide (GO) Pre-oxidized graphite was added to 230 ml of concentrated H 2 SO 4 maintained under ice bath condition and stirred. 15 g of KMnO 4 was then added to the mixture keeping the reaction temperature below 10 C. After complete addition of KMnO 4, the temperature was raised to 35 C and the reaction was continued for 2 h. Subsequently, 1 L of DW was added carefully keeping the temperature below 50 C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h and then 1.5 L of DW and 25 ml of 30% H 2 O 2 were added. The mixture was kept at room temperature for 24 h and the supernatant was carefully decanted. The settled dispersion was centrifuged and washed with 10% H followed by distilled water. This was repeated several times. The resultant solid was dried and 2% (w/w) dispersion was prepared in DW. This dispersion was put for dialysis for 3 weeks to remove all the impurities like salts and acid. Then the dispersion was diluted to 0.1% (w/w). Reduction of GO to RGO The reduction was carried out hydrothermally as well as by chemical reduction using hydrazine. Hydrothermal reduction was carried out in the following manner. GO was - 4 -
sonicated for 45 min. (CREST TRU-SWEEP 27D, 50 Hz) to exfoliate the suspension completely and centrifuged at 5000 rpm to remove the unexfoliated GO. About 25 ml of the purified exfoliated GO solution (0.05 wt%) was transferred to a teflon-lined hydrothermal reaction vessel and heated at 180 ºC for 6 h. After 6 h, the vessel was cooled to room temperature. A black precipitate of RGO settles at the bottom which was redispersed in DW by mild sonication. For chemical reduction, about 8.1 ml of the purified exfoliated GO solution was diluted to 90 ml using DW. Into this solution, 45 µl of hydrazine solution (35 wt% in water) was added and stirred for one min. To the above mixture, 315 µl of ammonia solution (28 wt% in water) was added and the whole solution was stirred well for five min. After three steps, the mixture was kept at 90 C without stirring for 2 h. Then, the solution was put for dialysis against 0.5 % ammonia for 2 days to remove excess hydrazine, which may be present in the solution. Dialysis was repeated against DW for two weeks to remove all the residual contaminants that may be present in the reaction mixture. Because of the similarities in structure, both will be termed as purified reduced graphene oxide sheets (RGO) in the text. Table S2. Water quality characteristics of the groundwater used in this study. Parameters Concentration [mg L -1 ]* - 5 -
ph @ 25 o C 7.4 (±0.2) Total alkanity (as CaCO 3 ) 326 Total hardness (as CaCO 3 ) 465 Conductivity @ 25 o C 1226 µmhos/cm Organic carbon <0.5 Total dissolved solids 762 Calcium (as Ca) 113 Magnesium (as Mg) 44 Sulfate (as SO 2-4 ) 80 Chloride (as 1- ) 96 Phosphate (as PO 3-4 ) <0.02 Iron (as Fe) <0.03 Nitrate (as NO - 3 ) 50.31 Turbidity (as NTU) 0.1 NTU Silica (as SiO 2 ) 43.72 Manganese < 0.01 *All parameters are expressed in mg L -1, except turbidity, ph and conductivity. - 6 -
20 µm C Kα OKα P Kα P Kα Kα S Kα 1.80 3.60 5.40 7.20 9.00 10.80 12.60 14.40 16.20 kev Figure S3. EDAX spectrum of the RGO. Inset shows the EDAX images of various elements along with a SEM image of RGO. Si and Sn are due to the conducting glass substrate used. - 7 -
(A) ES uptake capacity (mg/g) RGO-DW RGO-GW 1200 GO-DW GO-GW 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2.5E-01 6.3E-02 1.3E-02 3.1E-03 (B) ML uptake capacity (mg/g) 800 600 400 200 RGO/GO dose (g/l) RGO-DW GO-DW RGO-GW GO-GW 0 2.5E-01 6.3E-02 1.3E-02 3.1E-03 RGO/GO dose (g/l) Figure S4. Adsorption of (A) ES, and (B) ML as a function of RGO and GO dose. Initial concentration of the solute = 2 mg L -1 ; ph = 7± 0.2; temperature = 30±2 0 C. - 8 -
(A) ( a ) mau ( b ) ( c ) ( d ) ( e ) 3 4 5 6 T im e ( m in ) (B) ( a ) mau ( b ) ( c ) ( d ) ( e ) 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 T im e ( m in ) Figure S5. HPLC traces of (A) ML, and (B) ES. (a) The spectra show the initial concentrations of the pesticides. (b) and (c) show residual pesticide concentration after contact with RGO dispersed in DW and GW, respectively; (d) and (e) show residual pesticide concentration after contact with GO dispersed in DW and GW, respectively. Initial conc. of the pesticide = 2 mg L -1 ; ph = nearly neutral; temperature = 30±2 0 C; GWrepresent pesticide spiked in groundwater; DW-represent pesticide spiked in deionized water. - 9 -
(A) Residual conc. of ES (mg/l) (B) Residual conc. of ML (mg/l) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0. 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 Time (min). 0.5 mg/l 1 mg/l 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 Time (min) 1 mg/l 2 mg/l Figure S6. Time dependent removal of (A) ES and (B) ML by RGO. Initial concentrations of the ES and ML are shown in the in the inset of A and B, respectively. - 10 -
Figure S7. (A) UV/Vis spectra of RGO recorded at the end of each adsorption-desorption cycle. (B) Performance comparison of RGO for three consecutive cycles of adsorption/desorption process. RGO dose = 0.01%; Initial concentration of CP = 2 mg L -1 ; Temperature = 30±2 o C. - 11 -
Relative Abundance (%) Relative Abundance (%) 1 6 0 1 2 0 8 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0 3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 8 0 6 0 A B HO N [C 5 H 4 2 NO] + C + HO N [C 5 H 3 3 NO] + O S P O N [M-(3+2H)] + O S P m/z O N M + + H + 3 2 4 4 0 2 9 6 2 4 2 2 0 2 7 9 3 5 2 1 6 5 2 0 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0 3 5 0 4 0 0 m/z [296-OH] + S N O H + H 3 C P O O H 3 C H + S P O [324-C 2 H 4 ] + N H + H 3 C O [352-C 2 H 4 ] + S P N [M + + H] + 350 352 350 352 H + O S N O H + H 3 C P O O H 3 C Figure S8. (A) Positive ion DESI mass spectrum of CP on a glass plate. (B) MS/MS analysis of m/z 352. Inset of A shows an expanded view of the molecular ion peak and its comparison with the theoretical isotope pattern. - 12 -
331 348 Relative abundance 331 353 356 331 m/z 332 Relative abundance 127 173 241 284 m/z Figure S9. (A) Positive ion DESI mass spectrum of ML on RGO. Inset of A shows the experimental (a) and its comparison with the theoretical isotope pattern (b) of the molecular ion peak of ML. (B) MS/MS analysis of the molecular peak at m/z 331. - 13 -
(A) (B) 3 µm 0.1 µm (C) 10 µm C Kα P Kα Kα S Kα O Kα Figure S10. (A) SEM (B) TEM and (C) EDAX spectrum of RGO after adsorption of ML. Inset of C shows the corresponding SEM image and elemental maps derived from the X-ray intensities. - 14 -
(A) (B) A B Figure S11. Relaxed structure of (A) G-CP and (B) G-CP-W complexes. Table S12. Binding energies of thermodynamically most stable configurations of both binary (P, W-G) and the ternary (W-G-P) complexes. The values clearly indicate that ternary complexes are more favorable than the binary. ES Pesticide [P] No. of water molecules [n] 6 System Binding energy [kj mol -1 ] P-G 33 W-P -203 Ternary -218 CP P-G 32 6 W-P -95 Ternary -181 ML 6 P-G -3 W-P -98-15 -
Table S13. Adsorption energies of ternary complexes of endosulfan, water and graphene. System Configuration [n = 6] Adsorption Energy [kj mol -1 ] Governing equation G-W-ES -218 E = E ( E + E + ne ) W G W P Complex G P Ternary ES-G-W -21 G-ES-W -184 G-W-ES: Water sandwiched between graphene and endosulfan; ES-G-W: Graphene sandwiched between endosulfan and water; G-ES-W: endosulfan sandwiched between graphene and water. The above values show that G-W-ES complex is most stable when compared to other ternary configurations. Similar things were observed for other two pesticides. Figure S14. Relaxed structure of G-W-ML complex. - 16 -
Table S15. Variation in binding energy as a function of number of water molecules. System No. of water molecules [n] Adsorption energy, E G-W-P [kj mol -1 ] Governing equation GWES* 3-62 6-169 12-471 E = E ( E + E + ne ) W G W P Complex G P *G-W-ES complex with n = 3. Table S16. Variation in energies of adsorption of G-W-ES complex as function of concentration of endosulfan (mg g -1 of C). System [n=6] G-W-ES Amount of ES [mg g -1 of C] Adsorption energy [kj mol -1 ] 1879 258 1409 146 1056-195 697-217 Governing equation E = E ( E + E + ne ) W G W P Complex G P - 17 -