3 Natural Science Natural Science 3 Learning Lab is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Primary Education department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence. WRITERS Belén Garrido Alan Martin SCIENCE CONSULTANT Cristina Quincy ILLUSTRATIONS Jordi Baeza Javier Hernández EDITOR Beatriz García Hipólito DIGITAL EDITOR Marcos Blanco MANAGING EDITOR Sheila Tourle BILINGUAL PROJECT COORDINATION Margarita España Do not write in this book. Do all the activities in your notebook.
Contents Be a scientist!...6 1 The human body...8 2 Food and health...22 Learning Lab game.... 36 3 Animals...38 4 Plants...52 Learning Lab game...66 5 Matter... 68 6 Energy and machines... 82 Learning Lab game... 96 Key vocabulary...98 three 3
UNIT 1 The human body 2 Food and health REVIEW 3 Animals 4 Plants REVIEW 5 Matter CONTENTS What do you know about the senses? Life processes: nutrition Reproduction and sensitivity How do we see things? What do you know about healthy food? What are nutrients? What is a healthy diet? The food wheel Learning Lab game How do scientists study animals? What are the main characteristics of vertebrates? Vertebrates: mammals and birds Vertebrates: fish, reptiles and amphibians What do you know about plants? What do plants need? What do the parts of plants do? What are seed-producing plants? Learning Lab game What is matter? The states of matter: solids, liquids and gases Changes of state: water How do we hear things? Touch it! Can you smell it? How do we taste food? The food pyramid What is the Mediterranean diet? Digestion and the digestive system What are the main characteristics of invertebrates? Invertebrates: sponges, cnidarians, worms and molluscs Invertebrates: arthropods and the importance of insects How do flowering plants reproduce? The life cycle of a flowering plant Do all plants produce seeds? How do we study plants? Physical changes and chemical changes Pure substances and mixtures 6 Energy and machines REVIEW What do you know about machines? Simple and complex machines Machines in everyday life Inventions from the past Learning Lab game What is energy? How is energy transformed? What is heat? Conductors and insulators 4 four
RAP MINI LAB FINAL TASK / BE A SCIENTIST Touch it, smell it! Mystery smells Taste detection Values education Take care of our senses Task Protect our hearing The carrot rap Analyse food labels Guidelines for food hygiene Store food safely Values education What keeps us healthy? Task The healthy food game Creepy, crawly Animal tracks Describe an insect Make observation charts Values education Respect animals Task A unique habitat Hey, leaves! What do you do? Do plants need water? Do plants react to light? Values education Respect nature Task Make a field journal Water, water everywhere! Clink-clank Experiment on changes of state Make mixtures How does heat affect objects? Compare the energy from light sources Values education The importance of water Task Stations to compare the properties of matter Values education Energy conservation Task Make a rubber band engine five 5
4 Plants What do you know about plants? A B C D Observe 1 Talk about each photo. Use these words. flowers roots fruit leaves You already know! Most plants have stems, leaves and roots. Some plants produce flowers, fruits and seeds. Plants need the right conditions to grow. 52 fifty-two
What do plants need? Mini lab Do plants need water? Key words sunlight water soil minerals air 1 Place two plants in a sunny place. 2 Label the pots. 3 Water one of the plants. Do not water the other plant. 4 Observe the plants after one week. What changes can you see? Why? Think about it 2 What experiment can you do to find out if plants need light? 3 Talk about what plans need. Tell your partner. They need sunlight. What do plants need? Final task Make a field journal fifty-three 53
What do the parts of plants do? The stem supports the plant. It carries water and minerals to the rest of the plant. Some plants have flowers. Flowers produce fruits. The fruits have seeds. The seeds become new plants. Leaves take in sunlight. They help the plant to make food. Roots fix the plant in the ground. They absorb water and minerals from the soil. 1 Let s rap! Hey, leaves! What do you do? 2 What do leaves, roots and stems do? Match the functions to the parts. a. They absorb sunlight. The leaves. c. They support the plant. b. They absorb water from the soil. d. They absorb water and minerals. 3 Find pictures of plants. Classify them according to their stems: trees, bushes or grasses. 54 fifty-four
What are seed-producing plants? 4 Think about it 4 Do all plants produce flowers? Compare the photos on this page. Key words angiosperm flower conifer gymnosperm seed cone There are two types of plants that produce seeds: angiosperms and gymnosperms. Pear tree Pine tree Angiosperms have flowers that produce fruit. The fruit has seeds inside. Angiosperms can be trees, grasses or bushes. A pear tree is an angiosperm. Gymnosperms don t have flowers. They produce cones. The cones have seeds inside. Gymnosperms can be bushes or trees. Conifers, like the pine tree, are gymnosperms. 5 Listen and say angiosperm or gymnosperm. 6 Describe different types of plants. It has red flowers. A poppy is an angiosperm. fifty-five 55
How do flowering plants reproduce? Flowers contain the reproductive organs of flowering plants. These organs produce seeds. The seeds grow into new plants. The stamens produce pollen. Petals are frequently colourful to attract insects. The pistil contains the ovary. The ovary becomes a fruit. The ovary contains ovules. The ovules become seeds. Sepals are small and green. They look like leaves. They protect the flower. Think about it 1 What part of a plant attracts insects? 2 Draw and write the missing part for each picture. A B C D 3 Listen, then answer the questions. a. What do the sepals do? They protect the flower. b. What does the pistil do? c. What do the stamens do? d. What does the ovary do? 56 fifty-six
The life cycle of a flowering plant 4 Predict 4 How many life stages does a plant have? Look at the diagram. 5 The plant grows into a tree. The life cycle begins again. 1 The wind, insects or animals transport the pollen from the stamen of one flower to the pistil of another flower. 4 3 The seeds germinate: they begin to grow. The fruits falls to the ground. The wind, animals or insects disperse the seeds. 2 The pollen travels to the ovary. The pollen fertilises the ovules. The ovules become seeds. The ovary develops into a fruit. The fruit contains seeds. Think about it 5 What disperses the pollen? Say wind, insect or bird. A B C 6 Make a word puzzle. Copy the sentences about reproduction. Cut out each sentence. Your partner puts them in order. a. The seeds germinate. b. Seeds grow inside the fruit. c. The pollen reaches the pistil. d. An insect transports the pollen to another flower. e. The ovule grows into a fruit. fifty-seven 57
Do all plants produce seeds? Some types of plants do not produce flowers or fruits. Capsules Mosses Spores Mosses on rocks Spores in the capsules Mosses are very small plants. They do not produce flowers or fruits with seeds. Instead, they produce tiny spores in capsules. The spores grow into new plants. Mosses grow on rocks, tree trunks and on the ground. They look like a soft carpet. They grow in moist places. Mini lab Do mosses need a lot of water? You need moss from a florist s shop Divide the moss into two lots. Place the lots in two dishes. Water one lot every day. Do not water the other lot. What happens to each group of moss plants after one week? And after two weeks? 1 Listen and point to the photos. 2 Make a class mural of the types of plants on pages 55, 58 and 59. In groups, choose angiosperms, gymnosperms, mosses or ferns. Find photos, classify and label them on the mural. Which plants grow near you? 58 fifty-eight
Key words 4 moss fern spore capsule frond Fronds Fern Spores spores Ferns do not produce flowers, fruits or seeds. They have large leaves, called fronds. They produce spores. The spores grow on the underside of the fronds. The spores grow into new plants. Ferns grow in shady, moist places, like forests. Compare Spores on the underside of the leaf Are fern leaves large or small? They are large. 3 Look at the photos of mosses and ferns. Tell your partner. 4 Write about the plants. Make sentences. Angiosperms seeds Mosses do not produce produce flowers Gymnosperms spores Ferns cones fifty-nine 59
Mini lab Do plants react to light? Plants are living things. However, they do not have sense organs. They cannot move about. How do they react to their environment? You need: a shoebox with a lid 3 plants in plastic cups black tape Preparation Cut a 2 cm hole in the centre of the shoebox lid. Water the three plants. Label them A, B and C. Put the plants in the shoebox, as in the picture. Close the lid. Seal the box with black tape. Light only enters through the hole in the lid. Do your experiment 1 Place the box in a sunny place for one week. 2 Predict. In which direction will each plant grow? I think plant A will grow... 3 After one week, open the box. 4 Draw the position of the three plants. Analyse your results Make sentences Plant A Plant B Plant C is growing towards the left. towards the right. straight up. What are your conclusions? Write the correct answer. Plants react /don t react to light. Leaves and stems grow towards / away from the light. 60 sixty
How do we study plants? 4 To study plants, we observe them, measure them and classify them. We watch them grow to see what conditions they need. We can use different tools to study plants. 1 Listen and identify the tools. A B C D a magnifying glass a camera a ruler the Internet 2 Use a field guide. Read and answer the questions to identify three types of plants. 1. Does it have a hard trunk with high branches? Yes. It is a tree. / No. Go to number 2. 2. Does it have a short trunk with low branches near the ground? Yes. It is a bush. No. Go to number 3. 3. Does it have a soft flexible stem with no branches? Yes. It is a grass plant. A B C sixty-one 61
Check your progress Vocabulary 1 Listen and say angiosperm, gymnosperm, fern or moss. 2 Identify the drawings. Match the numbers to the words. fern flower stem moss seeds pine cone 1 4 2 3 5 6 Example: Picture 1 is a moss. Concepts 3 Match the columns. Write sentences about angiosperms in your notebook. The flowers The trunk The roots The seeds The stem grows grow above inside under on the fruits. the stem or branches. the ground. The leaves 62 sixty-two
4 Apply what you know 4 Look at the photos of the life cycle of this tree. Put the stages in order. 1 What tree is it? 5 Complete the mind map about plants. PLANTS WITH SEEDS PLANTS WITHOUT SEEDS no flowers spores angiosperms mosses My progress How is my work? Think about your work in this unit. Copy and complete. Very well OK I need practice I can describe the function of parts of plants. I can describe the life cycle of a flowering plant. sixty-three 63
Final task Make a field journal You need: a notebook a pencil a ruler a magnifying glass Visit an area where plants grow 1 Write on the first page of your field journal. Include: Your name, the date, the name of the place, the season. Write the weather conditions. Is the soil wet or dry? NAME: David DATE: 8th April PLACE Sunford nature park SEASON: spring WEATHER: sunny SOIL CONDITIONS: dry 2 Choose a small area of land to study. Observe your area for ten minutes. What sounds can you hear? What plants can you see? What animals can you see? 3 Discuss with your partner. What can you see on that plant? It s a ladybird. 64 sixty-four
4 Be a scientist! Record information in your field journal Think about what you want to write in your field journal 4 Make drawings of the plants and animals. What plants can you see? Measure them, then draw them. Can you see any interaction between animals and plants? What other things attract your attention? Write labels and descriptions 5 Describe each plant. Include information like: the type of plant: angiosperm, fern, moss... the function of the parts: the sepals protect / the flowers contain... the number of leaves or flowers, their colour, size and smell. 6 Read a classmate s journal. Exchange ideas. This is an angiosperm. The flowers are red. How tall is it? Eight centimetres tall. sixty-five 65
Key vocabulary 99
UNIT 3 Animals amphibian a vertebrate animal. Its body is covered with bare skin. It lives on land and in water. A frog is an amphibian. beak the projecting jaw of a bird. All birds have a beak. bird a vertebrate animal. Its body is covered with feathers. Most birds can fly. carnivore an animal that eats meat. earthworm an invertebrate animal. It has a long thin body divided into segments. It lives in the soil. exoskeleton a protective covering of some invertebrate animals. fish an animal that lives in water. Its body is covered with scales. gills the organs through which fish and some amphibians breathe. herbivore an animal that eats plants. insect an invertebrate animal. Its body has three parts: the head, the thorax and the abdomen. invertebrate an animal without a backbone or an internal skeleton. lungs the organs of vertebrate animals that breathe in air. mammal a vertebrate animal. Its body is covered with hair or fur. Most mammals live on land. omnivore an animal that eats both plants and meat. oviparous born from eggs. Birds are oviparous. reptile a vertebrate animal that lives on land. Its skin is covered with scales. shell a protective covering of some animals. A shell is hard and strong. starfish an aquatic invertebrate. It has an exoskeleton. vertebrate an animal with a backbone and an internal skeleton. viviparous born from the mother s womb. Mammals are viviparous. 100 one hundred
Plants UNIT 4 angiosperm a flowering plant that has fruits and seeds. bush a plant with a short trunk and low branches. capsule a tiny part of a moss that contains the spores. fern a plant with large leaves called fronds. A fern reproduces by spores. flower the part of a plant that contains the reproductive organs. frond the large leaf of a fern. It has spores on the underside of the leaf. grass a plant with a soft stem, and no branches. gymnosperm a plant that produces cones that have seeds. A conifer is a gymnosperm. leaf the part of a plant that absorbs sunlight. Plants make their own food through the leaves. moss a tiny plant. It reproduces by spores that are inside capsules. ovary the part of a plant that contains the ovules. The ovary develops into a fruit. ovule the part of a plant that becomes a seed. petal the colourful part of a flower that attracts insects and animals. pistil the part of a plant that contains the ovary. pollen small grains that fertilise the ovules of a plant. Pollen is transported by the wind, insects, or other animals. roots the parts of a plant that fix the plant in the soil. Roots grow underground. sepal the small green part of the flower that look like leaves. They protect the flower. stamen the organ of a flower that contains the pollen. stem the part of a plant that supports it. tree a plant with a hard trunk and high branches. one hundred and one 101
Richmond 58 St Aldate s Oxford OX1 1ST United Kingdom 2018 by Santillana Educación, S. L. / Richmond Avda. de los Artesanos, 6 Tres Cantos. 28760 Madrid Richmond is an imprint of Santillana Educación, S. L. PRINTED IN SPAIN CP: 910478