Observation: The process of gathering information, in a careful orderly way.

Observation: The process of gathering information, in a careful orderly way.

Prediction vs Hypothesis Predictions are meant to be proven once. A hypothesis can still end up as a hypothesis even if it has already proven. Another scientific inquiry might prove it contrary in the future.

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Science is characterized by the systematic gathering of information through various forms of direct and indirect observations and the testing of this information by methods including, but not limited to, experimentation. The principal product of science is knowledge in the form of naturalistic concepts and the laws and theories related to those concepts. (NSTA)

Vocab Chapter 1 1. Science 2. Scientific method 3. Theory 4. Hypothesis 5. Observation 6. Data 7. Inference 8. Controlled experiment 9. Manipulated variable 10. Responding variable 11. Biology 12. Cell 13. Microscope 14. Compound light Microscope 15. Cell culture 16. Metric system 17. Unicellular 18. Multicellular 19. Sexual reproduction 20. Asexual reproduction 21. Metabolism 22. Stimulus 23. Homeostasis

The Nature of Science A process for gaining knowledge The main goal Understand the natural world.

The scientific method is a science process for solving science problems. It involves a variety of methods and may not always use the same procedures.

Science findings are based upon evidence. Empirical evidence (scientific process) Evidence is influenced by natural laws which are constant Conclusions are subject to change

Hypothesis Modify hypothesis Predictions Not consistent Test Consistent Theory

Hypothesis = A proposed explanation for a set of observations. a tentative statement about the natural world. need to be able to test

Theory explanation of some aspect of the natural world It tries to unify a broad range of observations. It is a well-tested explanation A hypothesis that has withstood the test of time. Must be validated by the scientific community before it is accepted.

A theory has a much stronger meaning. broadly based concepts that make sense of a large body of observations and experimentation. successfully tie together such a huge amount of information, they are among the most important ideas in science.

Theories do not become laws even with additional evidence they explain laws not all scientific laws have accompanying explanatory theories Laws differ from Theories Laws do not assume a mechanism or explanation of phenomena

Scientific Laws Laws are generalizations or universal relationships related to the way that some aspect of the natural world behaves under certain conditions. A phenomenon of nature that has been proven to consistently occur

Scientific facts are observable phenomenon in a particular situation. "Dinosaurs were cold-blooded" cannot be observed "The caterpillar is 2.6 cm in length a fact, because the phenomenon can be observed in a particular situation

Quantitative data is information about quantities; can be measured and written down with numbers. Qualitative data is information about qualities; information that can't actually be measured. The age of your car. The number of hairs on your knuckle. The softness of a cat. The color of the sky. The number of pennies in your pocket. Data: facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis

What is an inference a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning. Logical interpretation. An inference is made when you combine a new observation with what you already know to form a conclusion.

Spontaneous Generation Redi concluded that this theory is not a plasuible theory OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat. HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots. PROCEDURE Uncovered jars Covered jars Controlled Variables: jars, type of meat, location, temperature, time Manipulated Variables: gauze covering that keeps flies away from meat Several days pass Responding Variable: whether maggots appear Maggots appear No maggots appear CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.

Parts of a controlled experiment Controlled variable is constant The Manipulated variable is the independent variable The Responding variable is the dependent variable

PROCEDURE Uncovered jars Covered jars Controlled Variables: jars, type of meat, location, temperature, time Manipulated Variables: gauze covering that keeps flies away from meat Several days pass Responding Variable: whether maggots appear Maggots appear No maggots appear

Biology Bio = living logy = the study of Organization There are many levels at which to study living things. Smaller systems are found within larger systems.

Levels of organization Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism Groups of cells Cells

The part of Earth that contains all ecosystems Biosphere Community and its nonliving surroundings Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air Populations that live together in a defined area Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass Group of organisms of one type that live in the same area Bison herd

Bison Individual living thing Tissues, organs, and organ systems Nervous tissue Brain Nervous system Cells Smallest functional unit of life Nerve cell Groups of atoms; smallest unit of most chemical compounds Water DNA

Important Tools and Techniques A microscope is used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. The compound light microscope Can study living cells and small organisms Disadvantage is its limit of resolution (1000x) Most commonly used in biology

The electron microscopes The limit of resolution allows them to magnify objects about 1000x greater The disadvantage is that all specimens are dead

Many specimens are stained or dyed increase the visibility Because of the Microscope Microscopy, Microbiology, Microorganisms. The Germ Theory. Microdissection A technique where a microscope is used to assist in dissection.

Cell Fractionation is the process used to separate cellular components Still perserves individual functions of each component.

Centrifugation Process used to separate cells or cell parts. Separates things by their weight (density). Heavier things fall to the bottom. Cell fractionation breaks up the cell parts Then spun in a centrifuge.

Cell culture is a process that can grow many cells to study. A single cell is placed in an environment that allows it to grow and replicate. *

The Metric System The system of measurement used by scientist. The system is based on powers or multiples of 10 Mass vs. weight Mass is the amount of matter Weight is the measurement of the force of gravity

Basic units of measure Liter = liquid volume Cubic centimeters = solid volume Meter = length Kilogram = mass Celsius = temp water freezing point = 0 o water boiling point = 100 o

Lab safety is important The most important, when in a lab, follow the instructions exactly. Lab agreement and safety rules: You must know and follow all safety rules in the lab. Find it on Mr. Filiaga s blog. http://blog.wsd.net/jfiliaga

Shells and Snowflakes How can we distinguish between living and nonliving things, such as a radiolarian (left) and a snowflake (right)? A radiolarian is a tiny living thing that is covered with a glasslike shell and lives in the ocean. A snowflake is a crystal made of frozen water.

Characteristics of Life 1. Living things are made up of cells The cell is the basic unit of function in all living things A cell is a collection of living matter It is enclosed by a barrier that separates it from its environment. Unicellular: one cell, many microorganisms consist of a single cell Multicellular: many cells, animals and trees are multicellular

2. Living things grow and develop Growth rates will vary Development will vary Growth stops at death Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and then become adult flies Taken as a group living things change over time Evolution genetic change over time Plants that live in the desert survive because they have become adapted to the conditions of the desert

3. Living things can obtain and use energy Some have very specialized systems for obtaining energy Metabolism includes all the reactions that build up and break down Anabolism: builds up Catabolism: breaks down Plants obtain their energy form sunlight autotrophs Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat heterotrophs

4. Living things can reproduce Reproduction occurs as a means of continuing the species. There are two types of reproduction. Asexual: a single organism reproduces w/o the aid of another. It is a less complicated process Offspring are identical to parent Sexual: requires two cells from two different organisms. Off spring are similar but not identical. Living things are based on a universal genetic code that is passed on during reproduction. Flies produce flies, dogs produce dogs, maple seeds produce maple trees.

5. Living things respond to their environment In response living things try to maintain a stable internal environment. Homeostasis, balance between internal systems and the environment temperature Hot / Cold Irritability: the ability to respond to a stimulus Stimulus is anything that causes a response

Humans need to maintain a body temp of 37º C.

Branches of Biology Life on earth is very diverse

Zoology studies

Mamology studies

Ichthyology studies Entomology studies

Ornithology studies Botany studies

Microbiology studies Paleontology studies

All sciences are interrelated and interconnected. The need for evidence seperates science from non-science. Common rules of evidence Inquiry characteristics: Logic Precision Open-mindedness Objectivity Skepticism Replicability of results Honesty Ethical reporting of findings

Ethics Mitochondrial replacement removes faulty mitochondrial DNA can cause inherited conditions such as fatal heart problems, liver failure, brain disorders, blindness and muscular dystrophy. About 1 in 6,000 babies around the world are born with serious mitochondrial disorders.

Science and technology may raise ethical issues for which science cannot provide solutions for.

3-Parent IVF Babies Pro: Can cure several genetic diseases. Con: Ethical treatment of embryo? Genetically manipulated humans?