Recent Developments in Perovskite Materials for Solar Cell Applications Yu Sheng Min, Researcher of ITRI/MCL 2017.10.19
Outline Introduction of perovskite materials Major problems of perovskite solar cells Recent developments in perovskite materials The opportunity of perovskite solar cells Conclusions 2
Introduction of perovskite materials Tze-Bin Song et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 3, 9032-9050 (2015) MA + : CH 3 NH 3+, Halide: iodine, bromine or chlorine Organic-inorganic perovskite CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 =MAPbI 3 High carrier mobility >10 cm 2 /V s High absorption coefficient 1.3 10 5 cm -1 Direct bandgap 1.3~2 ev Low cost <0.2 USD/m 2 for solar cell application Low temperature process <120 High power conversion efficiency 22.1% record 3
Architectures of perovskite solar cells HTM(hole transport material) free Ming-Hsien Li et al., DOI: 10.1039/C4TA06425A (Review Article) J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3, 9011-9019 SureshManiarasu et al., Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 82, Part 1, February 2018, Pages 845-857 4
Fabrication process of perovskite Tze-Bin Song et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 3, 9032-9050 (2015) ITRI MCL and MSL are developing slot die process together. 5
Major problems of perovskite solar cells Mass production? Durability? Pb free? 6
Mass production process developments Source: Solaronix website Solaronix s large-area all-printed perovskite solar modules. Module size: 500cm 2 12% module efficiency Stable over 50,000hr under sun-like illumination. Source: Solliance website Solliance s roll-to-roll perovskite solar modules. Low temperature < 120 12.6% efficiency Linear speed 5m/min, 30cm wide 7
Provskite solar cell developments in ITRI/MCL 5x5cm 2 module (10.6cm 2 active area) 40 Positive Reverse 2x2mm 2 small cell 30 Isc(mA) 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Voc (V) Voc (V) Jsc (ma/cm 2 ) F.F Efficiency(%) 5.96 23.18 0.67 15.5 Voc (V) Jsc (ma/cm 2 ) F.F Efficiency(%) 1.05 23.89 0.73 18.3 10x10cm 2 module developing 8
Water vapor reaction Key of the durability Iodine diffusion PVSK PbI 2 MAI PVSK PbI 2 PVSK store in ambient atmosphere Migrating vacancy E A (ev) I - 0.58 Pb 2+ 2.31 MA + 0.84 Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2015, 7 (31), pp 17330 17336 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS 6:7497 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8497 Fast degradation J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3, 8139 8147 9
2D perovskite Time-Resolved Spectroscopy Study on Carrier and Exciton Dynamics in Organo-Lead Iodide Perovskites, Xiaoxi Wu, 2015 2D Homologous Perovskites as Light-Absorbing Materials for Solar cell applications, Duyen H. Cao et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 7843 7850 10
2D/3D (Ruddlesden Popper phase) perovskite Hot casting process Hsinhan Tsai et al., Nature (2016) doi:10.1038/nature18306 11
Recent results of 2D/3D perovskite-1 2D/3D perovskite materials boost the durability of perovskite solar cells. This stable and low-cost architecture may become the first commercializing perovskite solar cell. G. Grancini et al., Nature Communications 8, Article number: 15684 (2017) doi:10.1038/ncomms15684 12
Recent results of 2D/3D perovskite-2 2D plate 2D plate 2D plate Zhiping Wang et al., Nature Energy 2, Article number: 17135 (2017) doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.135 13
Recent results of 2D/3D perovskite-3 Jiangzhao Chen et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07595, September 27, 2017 14
Silicon/perovskite tandem solar cells ALD process Kevin A. Bush et al., Nature Energy 2, Article number: 17009 (2017), doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.9 15
Major problems of perovskite solar cells Mass production? Durability? Pb free? 16
Pb free 2D/3D perovskite PCE record of Pb free PVSK Shuyan Shao et al., Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 1702019 17
Major problems of perovskite solar cells Mass production? Durability? Pb free? How to beat crystalline silicon solar cell? 18
Current situation of solar cell industry Solar cell industry Wafer base Thin film base Crystalline silicon GaAs Conventional thin film Emerging thin film Single crystalline Multicrystalline a-si:h CdTe CIGS DSSC OPV Perovskite 35% 55% 2% 5% 2% Market share Source: IDtechEX Crystalline Silicon solar cells have 90% of the market and are very difficult to replace. What is the opportunity of perovskite materials? 19
Predicting and Optimising the Energy Yield of Silicon/perovskite tandem solar cells Tandem solar cell could yield up to 30% more energy output than single junction silicon. Is this cost-effective? M. T. Hörantner and H. Snaith, Energy Environ. Sci., 2017, DOI: 10.1039/C7EE01232B 20
Cost analysis of perovskite solar cells Perovskite materials have the smallest cost. Transparent conductive film and HTM have the highest cost. The use of precious metals also increases the cost. SureshManiarasu et al., Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 82, Part 1, February 2017, Pages 845-857 21
Conclusions The durability of perovskite solar cell can be significant improving by using 2D/3D materials and ALD barriers. 2D/3D materials also have positive effect in lead free perovskite materials. Stacking crystalline silicon and perovskite into tandem solar cell could be the next generation ultrahigh efficiency solar cells. 22
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