TIPS TO PREPARE FOR THE BIOLOGY 2 nd SEMESTER FINAL EXAM: FINAL EXAM DETAILS: 80 questions Multiple choice Will assess your mastery of the biological concepts covered in Units 3 and 4 Will assess your scientific reasoning and literacy skills FINAL EXAM TOPICS: The pages that follow should look VERY familiar because they are the Learning Objective sheets you received for Units 3 & 4. While all of these learning objectives have been important to gaining a strong understanding of biology, some topics will not be covered specifically on the final exam. Objectives that cannot be directly linked to a test question have been crossed out. All other objectives have at least 1 one question that can be tied to this topic or skill. STYLE OF QUESTIONS: By now, you know that test questions you encounter are more than simple memorization or recall of science facts. Knowing the terminology is important, but it is just a small part of achieving mastery. High school science questions require you to analyze, interpret, compare, summarize, connect, predict, and infer/draw conclusions. Many of the questions on the final exam appear as part of question sets that refer to a particular reading passage, graph, diagram, table, or combination. Your ability to read or analyze these pieces of information is critical to your ability to identify the correct answer. HOW TO STUDY FOR MASTERY NOT MEMORIZATION! Explain or Teach the topic to someone else. If you can teach it, then you know it! Don t Recite, Put things into YOUR OWN WORDS! If you can t do this, you don t really understand it. Compare the topic to something that is not biology: DNA is kind of like a cook book because... Give examples that are NOT the ones given by the textbook or your teacher. Make connections of individual learning objectives to larger ideas: mitosis is an example of growth and development in the following ways... Find relevant scientific graphs, diagrams, and tables and explain them out loud. Try your textbook or the internet!
Finals Unit 3: Core Learning Objectives Living Organisms Inherit Traits The genetic material of a living organism controls its growth, development, and reproduction. A. The Cell Cycle Cellular Growth & Reproduction LEARNING RESOURCES VOCABULARY 1A What is the Cell Cycle and Why is it important? Explain what occurs with genetic material during Interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) and Cytokinesis. Identify pictures of cells in various stages of the cell cycle. Compare the number of chromosomes of the parent cell with a daughter cell after mitosis. 2A What is a Stem Cell? Describe the significance of a stem cell compared to other cells of the body. 3A What is Cancer? Differentiate between a normal cell cycle and a cancerous cell cycle. Sections 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 36.2 Interphase Mitosis Daughter cell Stem cell Cancer B. DNA Structure & Function LEARNING RESOURCES VOCABULARY 2B DNA Replication Name the complementary bases when given a template strand of DNA. 3B Compare the forms of Genetic material. Describe the difference in size and degree of coiling of each of the following: DNA, chromatin, and chromosome. Sections 12.1, 12.2 Nitrogen Bases: A,C,G,T,U DNA Replication Chromatin Chromosome RNA C. Protein Synthesis (Gene Expression) LEARNING RESOURCES VOCABULARY 1C Write out and explain the central dogma of protein synthesis. 2C Compare the steps of protein synthesis. Transcription: Name the RNA complementary bases when given DNA bases. Translation: Read an amino acid chart to sequence amino acids produced from a strand of DNA. 3C What is a mutation? Compare an original strand of DNA with a mutated strand to tell if a different protein will be created as a result of the mutation. Sections 12.3, 12.4 Gene Transcription Translation Amino Acid Mutation
D. Meiosis & Genetic Diversity LEARNING RESOURCES VOCABULARY 2D Compare mitosis and meiosis. Contrast the end products, types of cells created, chromosome number of the daughter cell(s), and overall purpose. 3D Create a karyotype by organizing the chromosomes by length and banding. Analyze a karyotype to describe the person s gender, if there are chromosomal abnormalities, the total number of chromosomes. Sections 10.1, 11.3 Meiosis Gamete Karyotype Nondisjunction Fertilization E. Genetics I Inheritance of Traits LEARNING RESOURCES VOCABULARY 1E Define what a Trait is and be able to give examples Understand how a trait is controlled by 2 genes 1 from each parent 3E Define and give examples of the vocabulary of monohybrid problems. Differentiate between genotype and phenotype Describe heterozygous and homozygous genotypes 4E Complete Punnett square problems for monohybrid traits. Determine the probability of offspring having a certain trait using a Punnett square. Determine genotypic ratios and phenotypic ratios of possible offspring represented in a Punnett square. Sections 10.2, 11.1 Gene Allele Genotype Phenotype Heterozygous Homozygous Dominant Allele Recessive Allele
F. Genetics II Complex Patterns of Inheritance LEARNING RESOURCES VOCABULARY 2F Traits that are controlled by CoDominant Alleles Describe this pattern of inheritance and be able to complete Punnett Square problems Explain how Human Blood Types display this pattern of inheritance 3F Traits that are controlled by Incomplete Dominance Alleles Describe this pattern of inheritance and be able to complete Punnett Square problems 4F Traits that are controlled by SexLinked Alleles Describe this pattern of inheritance and be able to complete Punnett Square problems Explain why these traits may affect people in different ways depending on their gender 5F Explain the difference between a polygenic trait and a monogenic trait 6F Interpret a pedigree. Sections 10.2, 11.2 Incompletely Dominant Allele Codominant Allele Sexlinked allele Polygenic Trait pedigree Unit 4: Core Learning Objectives Living Organisms Have Evolved The diversity of life on this planet is the product of evolution. A. The Diversity of Life LEARNING RESOURCES VOCABULARY 1A List the 6 Kingdoms of life and be able to describe the major characteristics of each Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Unicellular vs Multicellular Autotrophic vs Heterotrophic Provide or identify example organisms from each kingdom 2A List the 7 taxonomic levels of the Hierarchy of Classification 3A What are the defining characteristics of a Species? 4A Be able to use or create a Dichotomous Key to classify different organisms What is the binomial naming system? Sections 17.1 & 17.3 Prokaryote Eukaryote Unicellular Multicellular Autotroph Heterotroph
B. The Origin of Life Simple Beginnings LEARNING RESOURCES VOCABULARY 2B Bacteria Basics Describe the major characteristics of bacteria Be able to identify bacteria with shape, gram stain, and growth medium List ways that bacteria are helpful and harmful 3B Virus Basics Explain how a virus is different than and similar to bacteria Sections 14.1 & 14.2 18.1 & 18.2 Vertebrate Invertebrate Bacilli Cocci Spirilli Gram stain Antibiotic C. Life Has Changed Over Time From Simple to Complex LEARNING RESOURCES VOCABULARY 2C Explain what an adaptation is and why all organisms are adapted to their environment 3C Discuss some of the early ideas about how life has evolved Explain Lamarck s idea of the Inheritance of Acquired Traits 4C Understand and explain Darwin s idea of Natural Selection Explain each of the 5 parts of Natural Selection Explain how a particular adaptation of your choice came to be through to Natural Selection Sections 1.2, 2.1, 15.1, 15.2 Adaptation Acquired Trait Variation Mutation D. All Life Shares Common Ancestry LEARNING RESOURCES VOCABULARY 1D Define Evolution. 3D Give examples and explain each of the forms of Evidence to support the Theory of Evolution Fossil Record (dating fossils, relationships between fossils, transitional forms) Comparative Anatomy (homologous vs analogous structures, vestigial structures) Comparative Biochemistry (DNA and protein similarities) Sections 14.1, 15.2, & 17.2 Vestigial structure Homologous structure Analogous structure Relative dating