Name Evolution, Natural Selection, & Extinction Unit Study Guide Directions: Use your unit notes and your Homologous Structures notes as a reference to answer the following questions. This study guide is designed to help you study your notes in order to prepare for your test. 1. Define extinction. 2. Extinction does not apply to. Extinction applies to species. 3. Define species. 4. Organisms require certain needs for survival. One need has been listed for you. Fill in the other three needs of organisms: Gather and process resources 5. How do scientists explain the increase in extinction rates recently? 6. Identify & explain three ways in which human activity contributes to extinction of animals. 7. Identify the two pre-extinction categories: 8. Define the following terms and provide an example of each type of species: Threatened species -
i. Example: Endangered species i. Example: 9. List the two methods of extinction and provide at least two examples for each method. Methods of extinction: a. Two examples: I. II. b. Two examples: I. II. 10. The following characteristics make a species more likely (prone) to becoming. Feeding at high trophic levels Large Size Low reproductive rate Specialized nesting or breeding areas Fixed migratory patterns Certain behavioral patterns Intolerance of humans Preys on livestock or humans Valuable body parts Specialized feeding habits 11. Define fossils. 12. What are the three types of fossils that we are studying? 13. Fossils are mostly found in rock. a. Obsidian b. Sedimentary c. Igneous d. Metamorphic
14. Explain why fossils are NOT commonly found in metamorphic and igneous rock. 15. The following statement describes of the Law of. Older rock layers in sedimentary rock are beneath younger rock layers. a. Law of Conversation of Energy b. Law of Conservation of Mass c. Law of Superposition d. Law of Independent Assortment 16. Define unconformity. 17. What is the difference between absolute age and relative age? 18. Describe the petrification process (how fossils are formed). You may write your answer in paragraph form or using bullet points for step-by-step methods. 19. Complete the following chart with information about the eras of Earth s history. Eras of Earth s history: 1. When the era began When the era ended Dominant life form(s) present: 2. 3. 4.
20. Define adaptation. 21. Fill in the blank to complete the following statement: Two options exist for organisms when an environmental change occurs and/or Extinction 22. List two potential environmental changes, then describe the impact this environmental change could have on the species in that habitat. Environmental change: Impact on animal species: I. II. 23. Animals of the same species have differences, also known as. These are called adaptations if they help the anima survive in its environment. a. Variations b. Adaptations c. Mutations d. Selections 24. Describe how variations within a species are important to its survival. (This question is not answered directly in your notes. You must THINK about it. Why would Natural Selection not exist if we were all the same and had NO variations?)
25. Extended Response Question Practice: Identify Darwin s four points of Natural Selection to help you explain the theory of Natural Selection. Use the Forkbird lab as an example (or choose your own example) to support your answer. 26. Compare and contrast Lamarck & Darwin s theories. Whose theory was finally accepted by scientists?
(#27-29) Fill in the blank with the appropriate structures terminology. 27. Traits inherited by two different organisms from a common ancestor that have the same structures, but different functions are known as. These structures show evidence of common ancestry. a. Heterozygous structures b. Vestigial structures c. Analogous structures d. Homologous structures 28. are structures that have the same function, but have no structural similarity. These structures have no evidence of common ancestors/no link to common ancestry. a. Homologous structures b. Heterozygous structures c. Analogous structures d. Vestigial structures 29. Gradual change through time that reduces or removes the function of a body structure/organ is known as a. a. Analogous structure b. Vestigial structure c. Heterozygous structure d. Homologous structure 30. Describe an example of each of the following structures. You may write out your example in words or you may draw & label pictures relevant to the term. Example of homologous structures: Example of analogous structures: Example of vestigial structures:
Use the following image (Figure 9.7) to help you answer # 31 below 31. Figure 9.7 (the picture above) illustrates the similarities in vertebrates in early development. This leads scientists to believe that all vertebrates have a common ancestor. Darwin would call this evidence from. a. Embryology b. Zoology c. Paleontology d. Microbiology 32. Use what you have learned in this unit to answer the following question. You may use your Investigating Homologous Structures notes packet to support your answer. Explain how Darwin used each of the following pieces of evidence to support his theory of Evolution. Fossils- Living organisms- DNA- Comparative anatomy (homologous, analogous, & vestigial structures)- Embryology-