EBANKING AS A COMPETITIVE BANKING STRATEGY AMONG LOWER LEVEL BANKS IN KENYA BY FRANCIS WAMAHIU KARURU A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION MBA, SCHOOL OF BUSINESS, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
DECLARATION Th h pj my wk h b p f m w y k f w y vy S D FRANCIS WAMAHIU KARURU Th h pj bm f xm wh my ppv Uvy Spv S D MR E O MUDUDA LECTURER, SCHOOL OF BUSINESS, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My hk my Fh Hv f v m h ppy by k h, w by p I w k hk vy wh b h h wk Th wk my v hv b f wh h f my pv M E O M f h p v w pp Sy, I w k x my pp my f mp kw m f h m h ff m Fy m m f my b Sy Bh f h h pp m h hy hv wy m Y w wy h I j bw wk h My G B y by I w k x my hk my wk m f h m, pp hh h A, I k f pby f y m m h h pp
DEDICATION Th y my p M M Wmh b Sy Bh K Thk y f wy b h T f y, I m G v m y fmy pp h pp, v, p y m h h m m wh I m y v
ABSTRACT Th m bjv f h y w bh hw h w bk Ky ppy bk mpv y Th y w by h fw pf bjv f m h pp f bk mpv y m w v bk Ky fy h f w v Ky bk mpm bk y T hv h, h h p pv h h bh h pmy y yp f Th pp f h y mp f mpy fm w bk Ky fm whm mp f p w pk, f whh p p Q w h m wh h w yz SPSS fw Th yz w p mm fm f h, fqy b, ph Th y f v h bk bk mpv hh, p p m v h v vm h v y b fm ywh h v my Th y f v h f m pf f ff bk pfm f by f f y, ffy,, v Fy, h y f h h f bk h f w hy v v h f, m m, ff pfm f, v m f, y f v w p v p h f bk h h why h p y f wh h pv bk Th f h bk w v bk mpv hh p p m v h v vm Ay, m f v qy m h m f m pf f ff bk h Th y mm h m v b k h wh h Th bk h h Imp/Pfm f h vpm f v p p f h f h f Th bk h py p v by pv h m wh bk v p whh y b b mpv h ATM ym mmz w m h q h mpv ffy h v vy h b m f Bk h pv m wh f mb f pp f h m mp fbk b h bk v f f vpm v v
TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS DEDICATION v ABSTRACT v LISTS OF TABLES AND FIGURES v LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS x CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Bk f h Sy Cp f Sy Cmpv Sy Cp f EBk EBk mpv bk y Bk Iy Ky Cz f Bk Rh Pbm Rh Objv V f h Sy CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW I Cp f EBk Cp Thy f Sy EBk Bk Cmpv Ch f EBk Emp Rvw v
CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY I Pp D C D Ay CHAPTER FOUR DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION I Bk Ifm EBk EBk Cmpv D CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS I Smmy C Rmm REFERENCES APPENDIX Appx I: Q Appx II: Lw Lv Bk Ky v
LISTS OF TABLES AND FIGURES Tb : G f Rp Tb : A f h Rp Tb : Y Empym Tb : F L Cm Pf f Dff E Bk F : T Sm F : EBk Sv F : EBk Sv F : Bk Im P F : EBk I Bk Cmpv hh I R F : EBk p p m v h v F : EBk I S Vm h I Rv F : EBk h Lw A C v
LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ATMAm T Mh CBKC Bk f Ky CRMCm Rhp Mm EBkE Bk EFTE F Tf FSDF S Dp GOKGvm f Ky ICTIfm Cmm Thy ITIfm Thy KEPSSKy E Pym Sm Sym MBkMb Bk PCP Cmp PDAP D A POSP Of S RTGSR Tm G Sm SMSSh M Sv TVTv WWW W W Wb WAPW App P x
EBANKING AS A COMPETITIVE BANKING STRATEGY AMONG LOWER LEVEL BANKS IN KENYA BY FRANCIS WAMAHIU KARURU A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION MBA, SCHOOL OF BUSINESS, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
DECLARATION Th h pj my wk h b p f m w y k f w y vy S D FRANCIS WAMAHIU KARURU Th h pj bm f xm wh my ppv Uvy Spv S D MR E O MUDUDA LECTURER, SCHOOL OF BUSINESS, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My hk my Fh Hv f v m h ppy by k h, w by p I w k hk vy wh b h h wk Th wk my v hv b f wh h f my pv M E O M f h p v w pp Sy, I w k x my pp my f mp kw m f h m h ff m Fy m m f my b Sy Bh f h h pp m h hy hv wy m Y w wy h I j bw wk h My G B y by I w k x my hk my wk m f h m, pp hh h A, I k f pby f y m m h h pp
DEDICATION Th y my p M M Wmh b Sy Bh K Thk y f wy b h T f y, I m G v m y fmy pp h pp, v, p y m h h m m wh I m y v
ABSTRACT Th m bjv f h y w bh hw h w bk Ky ppy bk mpv y Th y w by h fw pf bjv f m h pp f bk mpv y m w v bk Ky fy h f w v Ky bk mpm bk y T hv h, h h p pv h h bh h pmy y yp f Th pp f h y mp f mpy fm w bk Ky fm whm mp f p w pk, f whh p p Q w h m wh h w yz SPSS fw Th yz w p mm fm f h, fqy b, ph Th y f v h bk bk mpv hh, p p m v h v vm h v y b fm ywh h v my Th y f v h f m pf f ff bk pfm f by f f y, ffy,, v Fy, h y f h h f bk h f w hy v v h f, m m, ff pfm f, v m f, y f v w p v p h f bk h h why h p y f wh h pv bk Th f h bk w v bk mpv hh p p m v h v vm Ay, m f v qy m h m f m pf f ff bk h Th y mm h m v b k h wh h Th bk h h Imp/Pfm f h vpm f v p p f h f h f Th bk h py p v by pv h m wh bk v p whh y b b mpv h ATM ym mmz w m h q h mpv ffy h v vy h b m f Bk h pv m wh f mb f pp f h m mp fbk b h bk v f f vpm v v
TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS DEDICATION v ABSTRACT v LISTS OF TABLES AND FIGURES v LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS x CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Bk f h Sy Cp f Sy Cmpv Sy Cp f EBk EBk mpv bk y Bk Iy Ky Cz f Bk Rh Pbm Rh Objv V f h Sy CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW I Cp f EBk Cp Thy f Sy EBk Bk Cmpv Ch f EBk Emp Rvw v
CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY I Pp D C D Ay CHAPTER FOUR DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION I Bk Ifm EBk EBk Cmpv D CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS I Smmy C Rmm REFERENCES APPENDIX Appx I: Q Appx II: Lw Lv Bk Ky v
LISTS OF TABLES AND FIGURES Tb : G f Rp Tb : A f h Rp Tb : Y Empym Tb : F L Cm Pf f Dff E Bk F : T Sm F : EBk Sv F : EBk Sv F : Bk Im P F : EBk I Bk Cmpv hh I R F : EBk p p m v h v F : EBk I S Vm h I Rv F : EBk h Lw A C v
LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ATMAm T Mh CBKC Bk f Ky CRMCm Rhp Mm EBkE Bk EFTE F Tf FSDF S Dp GOKGvm f Ky ICTIfm Cmm Thy ITIfm Thy KEPSSKy E Pym Sm Sym MBkMb Bk PCP Cmp PDAP D A POSP Of S RTGSR Tm G Sm SMSSh M Sv TVTv WWW W W Wb WAPW App P x
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Bk y x Imb bw m ppy f b h f my b mk Wh b ppy p b m, vb b fy z Th f b y f p, b mp ff v h fm U f hm k w fm: p mpym mpym Th b f b mp F xmp, ff h f b my pv f h x f m W Bk, Sh ff b mk m mp h w h hy hv mp f pvy b f m Cqy, f h mj h f by vp hw b vm h z pb m vpm Rpb f Ky, Th h h mv h m p m pp Em, w ff m pp wy p m wh vpm M Hwv, qy mpy h wm m h m I
m h hy hv q v h b v q m G qy h m wh hh mb f h M, F, m h f wm fqy x h f m Th h h m wh mp f my b h h f by I mp h m mfm ff h m w hv pv mp m wh I, fm h my bf h b mk pp, b h hh hm p m f f m wh Sy, qy my pm m wh hh ffy h f p p B fm mpym m p ff b S mv h b y b f b p G Lb Mk Om A h I Lb O ILO, h m b mpym w % % % Tb hw h mb f mpy by bw Th mb f mpy p fm m ppxmy m Wh h p f m, fm, yh, h mb f mpy m m h h mpy fm Tb : Umpym h w m
S: ILO, Gb mpym Pmy m
Tb : Umpym R by x w %
S; ILO, Gb mpym, Pmy m Tb, h w mpym by x Th b hw h mpym bw Hwv, h v fm mpym hv % bw Th f vp m h xp E Sh A, bsh Af Nh Af wh h w m
A h pp h Ky pp w,,, m b % fm % Rpb f Ky, I h pp Rpb f Ky, h pp w,,, f % v h y p I Ky, h wk pp f h y w % f h pp fm % b Tb hw h mjy % f h wk pp Ky yhf y mb y p P wk h v my b f v A h b f y p, h v pp w m p, % f h v pp w f m % w p wh p h hy wk Rpb f Ky, Th my v pp f h mb f pp mpy f mpy p h mpy b y b wk Rpb f Ky, A f Ky h m mpy p m mpy p A Rpb f Ky h b f pp, f h p f h wk pp wh my v w % Th m b f pp w % mp % f fm Th hh pp w f h p h w h p
Tb : Ky wk pp by x A C A C
S; S b, Tb, hw h b f mpym Ky / Th mpym mp h p f mpy p h b f Rpb f Ky, Th hw h mpym hh h p I mpym hh m fm h m F xmp, h m mpym % mp % f fm h p Ub mpym hh h mpym b, h mpym h b G mpym p x bh b Th fm m p w bw h p bh b Tb : Umpym by x, / R U b T
S; Lb F Ay Rp Tb hw mpym by fm / / Fm h b, v h mpym fm % / % / I h w m p, mpym hh h p f whh y wh Hwv, f h / h bv y f h bw p h Th mpym p hh bw h p Th p, fm h b, fm h f I h /, h m b f fm mp m p
Tb : Umpym by x, / / / /
S; / Lb F Svy; Lb F Ay Rp Umpym h m f b A Rpb f Ky p mpy p f mpym f hy
vy wk h m f wk m f h vy hy k vb f wk Th h / pvy f mpy p wk bw h f mpym p Sh wk wk h h w k jb v b py mpy Rpb f Ky, I Ky p hv m mpym f hy wk h h wk Rpb f Ky Wk W h m mpym mh fm ppy I h, mpy w ppy m h b p hh h pby py f fm mk ff Umpym my b m whby h wk b x h fm h mpy Of h wk pp h /, Ky I Hh B Svy, v % w mpy I h / I Lb F Svy y % f h wk pp w mpy Th f h w m p py mpym Mv, /, % f h mpy w fm my ff h Ky h p p mb f v mpv wm pm qy Th wh h h Mm Dvpm G; pm qy mpw wm, UN, H vpm b p, h v, m y v f m wm fm % % pvy % Rpb f Ky, Hm p q by wm h mh h f m w q m pp q y
Th v mm qy p f y h h w b by mk fm h f ky ; ppy, mpwm, pb vb Rpb f Ky, Th mpym A f Rpb f Ky, f fm h f mpy m f m, f b x hm A h C f Ky : wm m hv h h q m h h q pp p, m, ph Rpb f Ky, Th f xmp ffmv % p f wm mk v Rpb f Ky, Th pf m pm py v A xmp h Gvm v w b m pb v wh ff p w p w h by UNDP, Th vm h vp vpm py whh v f mpw bh m wm b q p vpm f ffmv p Rpb f Ky, Eff hv b m wm vpm bh mhm pm h vpm f wm I h pb v, ffmv pv h wm % f w m A h v, wm p mp vpm fm h Cy Dvpm F Cy By F Rpb f Ky,
Sfmpy wm h wh b fm h Wm p f p by vm A I f h fhp pj h p v Th v m vm mmm MDG Th f pv b pp v h py b, mk, pm f k f pp I h / f y Kh m w v by h f wm Rpb f Ky, I h f m h w f h MDG Aw f hvm pm G Eqy Wm Empwm Rh Pbm U f vb b mj h Ky Umpym m mj pbm h m A b h bk, h f mpym hh m fm h m m Fm mpym ky f h x whh fm k b mk pp m UNDP, Umpym m h mpy h h m w Bh mpym mpym ky f b Sky O, Thy f b f h hy mp h v h my m f h p, m pyh Hwv, p h m p b z Ky, h m f wh h p G p b z my hv v pb xp Hm p
hy p h f wm pvy h kh f mpym Bk, Th hy f b mk m h mpy my b pj wm Bk, Fhm,, b vy f fm pp h b f S, I f k b mmm w, h b my hv v ff fm h m mpym Rh Q Fm h f h h pp h fw q: Wh h h f h p mpy by? Wh h h f h m mpy by? T wh x ff h v fmy h xp ff mpym? T wh x ff h v fmy h xp ff mpym? Rh Objv Th m bjv f h y w xm ff mpym mpym Ky Spfy, h y h : Ay m f p mpym by Ay f bh m mpym by Dmp h p f b fy f h xp
Dw py mp fm h y Jf f h Sy Th y f ff mpym mpym jf v F, ff b mk m h mpym mpym bm y mp f h x whh fm pp m v Wk W, I Ky, h py ff h bf fm f h y, f xmp h V S, pv f ff b mk m Ky Af f w ff KbbM, ; Gk Sh, Shz Mwb Wh Wmhy f ff mpym Ky, h y w b mp fm h / Lb F Svy Th y x h p f bh b b mk Ky Th, h p y m w fm h Ky I Hh B Svy Wh h vy w m f m hz by w m wh, h hh b vy w m f mpv m Fh, h y w f m f b mpym, whh h bm mp y
Fy, fm b mpym p, h f qy f Ky vpm, h kp b f h p bw h m fm mpym B h py m f h Ky vm k; h Cv Em f fm f Dm Wm CEDAW Th v Mm Tm P MTP fy h f b vpm by qy p m pp wh MDG O f h Rh Pp Th f h h pp fw; Chp vw h h mp f mpym mpym Mh f h y p Chp Chp p h f wh hp w mp f py mm
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW I Th hp p h vw f bh h mp I f b h m f mpym mpym f bh m fm S vw h h wh S vw h mp Th f p v vw f vw Th vw Th b mk b b m f b m by mpy b ppy by wk, wh qbm v by h f h b m b ppy Hh, Th h vw Hwv, h b mk wy bhv k h mk f h v Imb bw h m ppy f b y bv my b p f b Wk W, Hm p hy b hy A, Th hy mp h h pvy f mpy p h m v hm bh ff h jb, h mv y f h wk Bk, Umpym m k wk x mpym m k wk hy hv m pf hm p Bk, Th my q f f h b mk h m h ppby f h fmwk M py b h mp f h pf mk mp whh
O h h h, ff mpym mph p ff hm p; m wh w mpym Ahf Hm Th hm p hy h p hh mpym f wm m wh hm p m Hh f vm hm p my ff by Th y my b p m v by h By pv bf xp b hv h Mh, Mmm Ch, h mh f by wh hh b p fm, b m mp f by hv h v, pby b vm by y hh f p h vm G p mpym my b ff b mk hm bw m wm Th ff hm p m Azm, Lw v f hm p mk h p bw m p wh wk h v w m I, h b v mpy b my h p f wm hv hh fw fm mpym h m; wh h, h p mf Th fw f wm myb fmy pby y y h, p h h f h m ppy bw h pv
Ah ky f h p mpym mpym my b m Th b hh p h bw m fm wh myb qy pv Hwv, wh w p h m my b x hh ff h Lb mk h w by hh h p mhm W hh fm p f h b mk, whh v w h h vm v h b mk p h m b mk m Th w, f, whh pfy mmm w v h p by whh q b h h p by whh hy mpy v b Hh, By h wk wh w v f p hh mpym bv f h xp I h Ky x, h w my ff wm py h wh h mjy f pp Php h ppy m f b h h p f vpm I h y f z mp h m mpy f wm Gv h xp wy mp f, h f fm mpym b h v wh h xp f v vm Lb h hh vby f pm jb hh w f wm v Uhp p f fm mpym h p f vpm
Emp vw S h f mpym mpym hv b v mh m p Pb h m mmy hq wh m mpy mm y Fw f h, hh, mp f h mpym mpym fmm p M f h hv f Ep wh fw f Af Sm f h vw bw F Gh, Sky O pb m y mpym mpym h hm Thy f h h bw pvy mpym R w f hv hh mpym wh h yp f m vy f Fm w m ky b mpy Dmph, fm z f b h m m f mpym Hh wh w pbby f b mpy Hwv h h fh mk mp f h p bw fm m bh mpym mpym Wh f A, Wk, xp f wh mpym Th v b f m mm m Empym hy, fmy bk b mk h h xm Th y f mpym mpym hv mm m A, m b mk hy
by h ky m Op, y mb f jb h h pv y m pbby f mpym Th x whh p v h f f h p mpym b Ky h b by Wmhy U B Ox mp hq w f h h mpym p b mp ff, whh f % f h p % f h p Th m mp f m h p pp b hh hhp Dff h f hh hhp bw m wm f % f h bv mpym ff p Vby f wm mpym hh h m b f ff p hm p wm, whh fv m B h mp fmwk, b p f h mpym p my b y b b m Th f f h y, hh, pmy h b f Ky Th my v mpym p Ky xp b mpym I, mpym Th b p mjy f wm h my b h m ff wh mpym K Kh hv ff h f mpym Sh Af C w y xm h x f mpym m Th f mpym w p w:
y mpym f mpym Th w p h pbby f mpym mp xp xp mp Y Af v hm m py vb mpym Thy f mpym b hh h b whh b xp by h p mby Th vy f mpym m hh pp % f h mpy h h m f h b mk pb f p f h bkwh mpym p I w h ff mpym h p pv h f h Af,, I p mp h wh Sh Af Azm p m pb m f b mpy OECD I my f h Ep, wh hh mpym, h fm mpym w by bv h f m Th mp h hm p ff b mk xp p f h p mpym A w m fm mpym ky xp h p wh mpym hh C wh p mpym hv p bh fw fm mpym mpym fm mpym mpym Th my b by mp w h v f p wh w v f b mk hm Th mp f hm p ff mpym m
Rb Wm xm mpym m wh bk m f h p U pb m h B Ox mp h y xm hw h hv b h mpym p Th h, y Th f mp v h y v xp h bk wh mpym p Th p w hh f h bk h h Th bk f m h R m p vy ff bk R ff h f mpym p bw my m Af f h mpym p xp by h mp J T y ff mpym h Czh Rpb, Gmy, P R Th y w mv by h bv h h p mm b mk mpym fm z b Mv, ff mpym v y h mm Th mpym p w mp x fw bw b mk A fh xm f h fw pf mm m I w f h h hh mpym m wm w pmy b wm ky h m v mpym f jb Th pv f h m wm h Czh Rpb Th ky v mpym f mpym A f b mp xp fw f bh m wm h m Th hv hh mpym
h f fw b m f Sppy f k mpym bf my xp why wm y mpym O h m mpy my pf m wm mpy b h wm m y by b A y f mpym m b h fm C vy h b by Bk Aym q w f p mpym Th m w h pb y A, f jb vvm f h w f b hhy wh mpym Fm f hv hh mpym h m p m wk, wh wm my, p f mpym Cy, wk h w mpym Hwv h f my b b y vy w mk h mp pv Ovvw f vw G ff mpym my b xp by v f fm hy O f h xp v ff hm p Fm h hy, whh h hm p hy mb; mpym f b hh m h wh hm p O h h h, b mk f h f mpym Thy whh fh f mmm w h f h mpy Th m f b S f h xp f h mpym p bw m fm Th pp f h y w py
Af mm h f wm bh h vpm Th f fm h w hm p q, h w ppy h f h m hm Th pb m h b h y f mpym by v h Hwv, v h mh, mpym m m fm k p m Th mp h f f m mpym/mpym ff fm mpym/mpym Th h m wm ff my v fmy h Fw h Af x hv mp h p hm b Th y x h mpym Ky v wy F, k h m v vb h y ff mpym bh b Ky S, h y y h m f mpym p Thy, h y h m h / Ky I Hh B Svy
CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES I Th hp p h mp h mhy h y Th f p h m pf S h mh mp h mpym mpym p, S h vb f M pf Umpym L U vb h m h v ppy b mpy I m b f f v fmy hx Th b w : U = X β + ε U = f U > m h v mpy U = f U m h v mpy Hwv U bvb w bv U= f h v mpy U= f h v mpy
Th pbby f b mpy v, fmy h b w wh Φ h m Cmv Dy F P U = X = Φ X β Umpym Smy, M vb h m h v ppy b mpy I m b f f v fmy h Z Th b w M = Z µ + ε M = f M > m h v mpy M = f M m h v mpy Th pbby f b mpy v, fmy h b w wh Φ h m Cmv Dy F P M = Z = Φ Z, µ
Em A pb m w m f m fm py bh mpym mpym h pm m mxmm kh m Dmp f h mpym mpym p U h x BOx mp hq F,, h p bw m fm mpym bw m fm mpym w mp Th m fm h pb pf mp h p h p h p ff h v h f h m h h p h ff f h pm Th fmm mpym p b xp : Uf U m = Φ Xf β^f Φ Xmβm Wh Uf U m h p mpym pbb f fm m pvy Xf Xm h v f v h f fm m pvy Eq w mp Uf U m = Φ Xf β^f Φ Xmβm= [Φ Xfβf Xmβf] + [ΦXmβf ΦXmβm
Th f m bk p h p f h p h p ff b f X, wh h p p h p ff h ff m h v f mpym Th p mpym p mp fw h m p b p M p f U M f M m = Φ Xfβf Φ Xmβm Dmp q w ; M f M m = Φ Xfβf Φ Xmβm = [Φ Xfβf Φ Xmβf] + [Φ Xmβf Φ Xmβm Th mp w b py f m fm D S Vb Df Th y mk f y fm h Ky I Hh B Svy f h p / Th vy w f Ky my v wv mh p, hh w h mp Th pv pv F, h hh h pv, Rf vy, wh Nh hv hh D w m p wh h f h m h qm f h y T mk h h pp f h y, w f b mp f h wk pp Th k y
vb h w v f h mpym mpym m w y fm h m Th y f h wk pp, V v h k,, m w m h m h ff mpym p mpym v Th vb m w mpym mpym h p vb Th p vb ; A Th f v mp m h b f Th p h mm v h xp k p f I xp h m fm f h m p ff h pb A my p wk xp Fv mmy vb w fm h wk wh h p,,, A p w h f p m M Fm vw bv h b m ff h fw f mpym Th w m f h m pp f Ky A mmy vb w wh b m k v f hw G O f h pb xp f mpym h x f h mpy Fm fm xp f py h m mpym Th b b f v h, m pj M k h v f
fm Hm p Thy h v xp f h b f f v Th hh h v h w h mpym mpym Th w m f f h m h f Ky Lk, fv mm w h hh v mp Th wh h h pmy w h f p Th h p w pmy v, y, fm x vy v Shk xp Shk my hv mp b mk m S hk xp, hy p bz p Exmp hv fmy mmb p, f, h, f bh hh Th my v v m wk mv fm mpym mpym Th wh h xp hk f y k k h v f hw Nb m Th vb w pxy f wh Th mp m hm p q f h wk f hw wk P f b m k h v f hw R b Th f w f b mp m hm I bv h h p wh b hv m v wh m hm z Th my b b f h
xp hy h f h b hv m wk pp R k h v f f b CHAPTER FOUR PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS I Th hp p h mp f f h y; S p mmy f vb Th pb m f mpym m p S fw by pb m f mpym S I S,, p h xp h p bv S p h mp f bh mpym mpym p pvy Smmy Tb hw h mmy f h vb h y f h y Fm h b, v h y % f h v wk pp w mpy M mpy % w w h fm mpy % O h h h, mpym pv % fm h m ff % mp h m % A h f h mp f wk pp WAP w y h p f pp mv p p M hv m yhf p wh fm hv hh pp f v %
pp % m m Ny h % f h wk pp h pmy v f wh q hv y ; % f h WAP h bw v pmy h h pp f whh w hh m fm h m Th wh p y w h % f whm m w m % f v h mp w m % f h m mp m Tb : Smmy V b M F S m p U m p y U m p
y A p A p A p
A p N h P m y
v S y v F m v
U v y G = m, = f m M
= m, = h N b m = p
, = h S h k f f = f f, = h R
=, = b R f wh Nb b f C C E N h E
N y z R f V y W Ab % h xp hk f v yp h fm, h, bh f h w hh m fm bmp R w m p h b py m h fm Th b f h mp by pv f w h h, % m fm C pv, % C, % E, % Nh E, % Nyz, % Rf Vy % W pv
Dm f Umpym Umpym Tw pb m w : h f f h mpym m h f h mpym m b m p vb R py b pvy Pb Em f h Dm f Umpym Th kh v f h m m, f h p, m fm m pvy Th kh hw h h hyph h h ff f xpy vb z j Th p v hw h h f % Th hw h h m wh p f h b h h p y m Fm h p m, h v ff mpy h m hv w h h fm f b mpy Sm f hv b p by Wmw Wmhy Th ff f mm f b f m f mpym % h p fm m
Tb : M ff f m ff f h mpym m b h f p A p A p A p
A p Eff f wh N E b h f y P m y v S y v S
y f m U v y G = m, = f m M
= m, = h N b m S h k f f = f f, = h R
=, = b R f wh Nb b f C C E N h E
N y z R f V y W N L R h q R q L L k
pvy h,, h f bh % v, % v % v Th m m h mx f Th wh f f J T, Th m f h h bv wh bh h p m m wh h fm m h mx m F xmp p wh h m ff, f h p m fm m pvy Th f m p m m h m fm v wk pp Th m h mpym h ff by whby kh f mpym hh m m v wk pp I h p m, v hv mx ff h f mpym Rv k f, pmy h pbby f mpym by Sy v h pbby f mpym by v A v pbby f mpym by wh vy mpym by Th ff h m ff b vy v, h pbby f mpym hh h h mp Th wh h hm p hy h f f Azm,, Sky O,, K Kh, N ff w m f Uvy mmy vb m mp k f bv
M f b f m f mpym % h h m h v ff I h mp, m fm m, h pbby f mpym, f h m,, pvy B m hf mpym wh hh m f fm h m H h f, p f b m wh w pbby f mpym Sfy, Pbby f mpym by Th pbby f mpym m m wh m fm I ky h, p f ff v m my pv hh wh b hp hm p p pp f mpym Sh pp w f pp wh b m Th fv m h fm Mmm Ch, Th ff f hk h pbby f mpym; h m by Th f h m % f p m % f fm Th p f hk h pbby f b mpy by f m f fm I pb h fm mm p ym h m p, h m v hk H h f, h f fy ff mpym, h w p by pv k K Kh, R xp hh pbby f mpym mp b M hv w pbby f mpym h fm h mp fm
Th pv f v mx f m mpym R pv h % f h p m m wh v ff Ahh h pbby f mpym C pv w h Nb by M hv mh w pbby,, f b mpy O h h h fm C pv hv hh pbby f b mpy Lv h C, Nh E W pv h mpym pbby h m b v f f mx ff wh h p fm hw pbby f mpym by pvy M, h h h, hv w pbby f mpym Pb Em f h Dm f Umpym Th b p h m ff f mpym f pb Th kh v f h m m, f h p, m fm m pvy Th kh hw h h hyph h h ff f xpy vb z j A h p m f h b h h m G f % m f mpym m B m h pbby f mpym by Th p, m fm m hv kh f, pvy f % A h p m f h b h h m A p hv hh pbby f mpym pvy h p m mp y A
ff f h p M pbb f b mpy fm h p h f h wk O h h h fm mpym wh fm h y v by h p f % p Th wh mpym wh m fm wh y m y m I b h fm w hy hv fmy pb whh h wk m M wh pmy v hv w pbby f mpym pp h by mpym m fm H fm hv hh h f mpym Umpym pbby w m h wh y v by h p m, h m f m h fm m I p V b Tb : M ff f m ff f mpym m MODEL B h M F m A
p A p A p A p
P m y v S y v
F m v U v y G =
m, = f m M = m, = h N b
m S h k f f = f f, = h R =
, = b C C E N h E
N y z R f V y W N L R
P R q L L k h,, h f bh % v, % v % v pvy Th wh h f f Wk Sky O Th ff f mpym f bv y h v b hv v hp wh mpym M h pbby f mpym f h m w h p m M fm hv hh pbby f b mpy Th b xp m by hv k p m h h hy m
Th y p f b m, pxy f wh hh, ff h wk f hw wk F v, h h f, h p f b m h pbby f b mpy by, h p, m fm m pvy I ky h, wh w pv hh mmb wh b h pp b hm m b mpym pp M my h f mpym, v wh h m, h pby pv f h hh Th ff f hk mpym Th f h m m Th p f hk h pbby f b mpy by f bh f m f fm A h w pbby f fm my b xp by h fwhp wm hv p h hp hm p b hk Th f fy ff mpym, m h f F bh, p hv hh kh f b mpy mp hh h f b mpy m m fm, pvy A h, pp hh mpym Gy mpym pv, pb, xp f fm by % p m fm m h Rf Vy by % % % pvy
Dmp f h mpym p mpym p Af h pb m, h F mp hq w Th hq mp h ff p pbby f h p vb bw h w p, m fm, qf h b f p ff h p vb h m ff Tb p h mp b h m ff Th m h f h fm w v h h f m w kw wh h mpym mpym pbby w b Th fm hv hh pbby f mpym mp m h mfm p p pbby f mpym h xp mfm p f mpym % f h pth mp h v h ky xp h p mpym Oy % f h p xp hf m by ff h ff Th mx f f vb xp h p mpym A p v f, m, f, b m, pv f ff f hk f b f ff v Hh v, b m, f h xpy vb h h mpym p Wh m, ff f hk, h pv xp NhE h p E v v mx xp h p Sy h p
wh pmy v p y h p Th my mpy h f m fm jb h q k v hm q ppy Lk h mpym, h fm p pbby f mpym hh h h f m Th ff h p xp p pbby f mpym bw m fm wh h xp mfm p f mpym % f h p Lw p, w v, b m, f m pv C, E Nh E h mpym p Hwv, m, hh v f, p bv, ff f hk h pv m h mpym p
Tb G mpym mpym p I p V b MODEL U m p y m M f f A p
A p A p A p P
m y v S y v F m
v U v y M = m
, = h N b I m S h k f f = f f,
= h R =, = b C C
E N h E N y z R f V y W
T x p p p h p b b y G = G = P
b b y G = P b b y G = G=, G= m fm pvy,,, h f bh % v, % v % v pvy CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATION Smmy f f Th mpym Ky pp fm % h / Lb F Svy % h y / Ky I Hh B Svy
Hwv, pf p yh wm hv hh mpym mpym h h h fm % h / Lb F Svy % h Ky I Hh Svy Th m bjv f h y w xm ff mpym mpym Ky Spfy, h y h y m f p mpym h f m mpym by Fh mp f h p w fy f xp Th mh f pb y w m pbby m Th w h f h h p vb by Th m w f h p m, wh m fm bv p, h p m f m fm bv F fm h y hw h h hh mpym mpym m fm h m A, v, m, b m, hk, pv f f m f h mpym, mpym bh A, m b m w f mpym Eff f hk f mpym E v mp, pv h mx m mpym M b m mpym O h h h, ff f hk f mpym E v pv f hw mx Th p pbby f mpym f mp w f m f fm Umpym h p pbby f m
f fm Th mp hw % f h mpym p xp % f h mpym p xp Th ky b h p f, b m v Wh m, ff f hk, pv f h p Py mm Fm h mp f b h mfm p mpym mpym Wh h vv vm, p h w, h vm h v mk wk h ff w b f hm Nb m h mfm p bh mpym mpym Th vm h hf wh by pv f f fm h z Th b hh mpw h mmy fy, mk f h p f py Ky Eff f hk w f b f h fmm p h pbby f mpym mpym Th vm h v v Sm f h hk k w p y f p I h h whh p f, f, hv m b hv w hvy f p p h y Pp h p p h b f by h vm
Hv y h mfm mpym mpym p Th w m h f m fm y v hy hv b h mp wh h m p Th vm h jb h h v f h y v hh m Th b by b h p mpy f p f m f mp f h f pmm
REFERENCES Ahf Hm J, E, mpym, J f P Emy ; pp A T, O h k bw hm p fm pfm h mp vy, FEP Wk Pp Azm G, G M M A,,G Gp Umpym R OECD C, J f Lb Em, v, Pp Ayü S, Jph S, B H, Th Umpym G Gp h R, Nw Yk C Em f v N Bk, G S Th Em f Dm Ch: Uvy f Ch P Bk, G, S, Iv Hm Cp: A Th Ay, Th J f P Emy V, N, Bk R J,,C f mpym m b h, I J f Mpw, V I: pp B, C, Dvj, S, Gbh, H, G I Empym A A Dvpm Rvw, v,, pp Dk H C, Th R f Ifm Cmm Th, W Bk Py Rh Wk Pp F R W ; A x f h BOx mp hq pb m Y Uvy, D Pp
Gk, P Sh D G mp mpym fm Cky, G Em Dvpm C Ch, : G K Kh J, R h I f Umpym Sh Af, Rvw f vpm Em,V, N, pp Hh, E, D Lb Mk Thy: A S Cq, S Iqy, V, N, ILO,, Gb Empym T, Gv ILO : Th Gb Jb C By I I f Lb S W f Wk Rpv J S L T K ; Wh Dv G Dff Umpym? Cmpv Em S V, pp Kbb M, W m h w p Ky: Ay v f m? Af Em Rh Cm AERC Rh Pp, Nb Ly D Mh C S, Th Umpym R f M Wm: A T Pbby Ay I Lb R Rvw, V, pp Mh W, Ubw: A Mm, Af A Kpf pb Mmm K Ch P, Wm' Wk Em Dvpm Th J f Em Ppv, V, N pp
M A Dhhyh R N S, G Eqy, Pvy Em Gwh Py Rh Wk Pp Php G Zf T, Fm Lb F Pp: A I Ppv Th W Bk Rh Obv, V, N, pp Rh B, Hm J C M : Umpym Fm Lb Sppy, Th Em J, V, pp Rpb f Ky UNDAF, Df p m f MDG wy fw w hv MDG by Ky, Gvm p Rpb f Ky, Em Svy, v, Nb: Gvm P Rpb f Ky, S b, Nb: Gvm P Rpb f Ky, Rp f / Lb F Svy, Gvm p Rpb f Ky, Th V, Nb: Gvm P Rpb f Ky, Th V m Tm P, Nb: Gvm P Rpb f Ky, Ky I Hh B Svy/, Nb: Gvm P S C, G p h Ky b mk: Imp f pvy Uvy Of Nb, Ky N J f Af S V : P
Sky H A O B, Hm R U E f Pvy R; A y f Umpym Umpym Gh Af Dvpm Rvw V,, pp Shz T P, Wm' Ch Pp h Lb F: A W Em Dvpm C Ch, V, N pp Shz, TW G Mwb W pm f, by Sh Af Em Gwh C, Y Uvy D Pp US N U N, Ahv qy wm mpwm Af P Rp A Abb, Ehp U N Dvpm Pmm ; wh w k hv h mm vpm? A I Am O U N Pz, Nw Yk, NY, USA U N Dvpm Pmm, Hm Dvpm Rp UN Pz, Nw Yk, NY, USA U N, Off f h Sp Av G I ; G mm vvw, Nw Yk Wj A M B Sw ; Th Dm f Iv Umpym D E f Hh Umpym Th Em J, V, N, pp
Wk R, P Jb Ch A wh Umpym, A J f Lb Em, V, N, pp Wk R W M, Em pph y Umpym I mpym: Pyh, Em, S Ch, DC My DC Fm, Sp S B M, Wmhy RW : T wh x p mp f f h p mpym h b f Ky? I f S S Wk Pp N Wmw FM, Yh Umpym Ky: I N Cv Ky I f Pb Py Rh Ay KIPPRA D Pp N
APPENDIX Tb : Pb Cff f Umpym F Smp m p y m C f S E Z A p A p
A p A p N
h P m y v
S y v F m v
U v y G = m, = f m
M = m, = h N b
m = p, = h S h k f f =
f f, = h C C E N
h E N y z R f V y W
Tb : Pb Cff f Umpy M Smp m p y m C f S E Z A p A p
A p A p N
h P m y v S
y v F m v m
U v y G = m, = f m
M = m, = h N b
m = p, = h C C
E N h E N y z R f V y W
Tb : Pb Cff f Umpy Fm Smp m p y m C f S E A p
A p A p A
p N h P m
y v S y v F
m v U v y G
= m, = f m M = m
, = h N b m = p, = h
C C E N h E N y z
R f V y W
Tb : Pb Cff f h Umpy F Smp m p m p y C f S E z A p A p
A p A p N
h P m y v
S y v F m v
U v y G = m, = f m
M = m, = h N b
m = p, = h S h k f f =
f f, = h C C E N h E N y
z R f V y W Tb : Pb Cff f Umpy M Smp
m p m p y C f S E A p A p
A p A p N
h P m y v S
y v F m v
U v y G = m, = f m
M = m, = h N b
m = p, = h C C
E N h E N y z R f V y W
Tb : Pb Cff f Umpy Fm Smp m p m p y C f S E
A p A p A p
A p N h
P m y v S y v
F m v U v y
G = m, = f m M
= m, = h N b m = p
, = h C C E N h
E N y z R f V y W