Applegate: The Anatomy and Physiology Learning System, 3 rd Edition Chapter 1: Introduction to the Human Body TRUE/FALSE 1. The cell is the simplest living unit of organization within the human body. T 2. The body system that transports oxygen to body cells is the respiratory system. F Blood in the cardiovascular system transports oxygen. 3. The part of metabolism that synthesizes large molecules from smaller ones is called catabolism. F Anabolism is the building-up process. 4. Anabolism is the building-up process. T 5. When your body needs water, you get thirsty, then you get a drink. This is an example of a positive feedback mechanism because you take a positive action by getting a drink. F It is negative feedback because taking a drink removes the stimulus. 6. In anatomic position your arms are at your sides and palms are facing forward. T 7. If you are standing on your head, your eyes are inferior to your mouth. F
2 Remember that directional terms refer to anatomic position. 8. The longitudinal plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior regions is the sagittal plane. F It is the frontal, or coronal, plane. 9. The most inferior abdominal region on the left side is the left lumbar region. F It is the left inguinal, or iliac, region. 10. The brachium and popliteal areas are part of the axial portion of the body. F They are part of the appendicular portion of the body. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Anatomy is the study of A. function of living organisms B. structure of living organisms C. diseases of living organisms D. tissues of living organisms E. the bones and muscles in humans 2. A study of the body's defense against disease is called A. pharmacology B. embryology C. pathology D. immunology E. cytology 3. Physiology is the study of A. diseases of living organisms B. cellular arrangement of living organisms
3 C. digestive processes in living organisms D. functions in living organisms E. structure of body parts in living organisms 4. From simplest to most complex, the levels of organization within the human body are A. chemical, cells, tissues, organs, systems, organism B. chemical, tissues, systems, cells, organs, organism C. cells, organs, organism, chemical, tissues, systems D. organism, systems, organs, tissues, cells, chemical E. cells, chemical, organs, tissues, organism, systems 5. Which of the following are less complex on the organizational scale than organs? A. systems and organisms B. tissues and systems C. cells and tissues D. chemical and systems E. cells and systems 6. The organizational level that consists of cells with similar structure and function and has four groups called epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous is A. chemical B. tissues C. cellular D. organs E. systems 7. The organ system that regulates fluid and chemical content of the body is A. respiratory B. digestive C. cardiovascular D. urinary E. lymphatic
4 8. The body system that coordinates body activities by receiving and transmitting impulses is the A. integumentary B. respiratory C. endocrine D. nervous E. muscular 9. The function of the lymphatic system is to A. process food into usable molecules B. defend the body against disease C. transport nutrients and oxygen D. form the framework of the body E. remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood 10. Ductless glands belong to the system. A. lymphatic B. endocrine C. respiratory D. urinary E. digestive 11. The sum of all life processes is A. homeostasis B. metabolism C. anabolism D. catabolism E. growth 12. Combining a molecule of glucose with a molecule of fructose to make a larger molecule of sucrose is an example of A. homeostasis
5 B. anabolism C. catabolism D. digestion E. differentiation 13. Differentiation is the process by which cells A. develop distinctive structural and functional characteristics B. select the different substances they utilize C. detect the differences between the external and internal environments D. determine which substances need to be retained in the body and which ones need to be excreted E. determine which foods are digestible and which ones are not 14. The process by which unspecialized cells change into cells with distinctive characteristics is called A. differentiation B. reproduction C. anabolism D. organization E. growth 15. Which of the following are physical factors that are essential to human life? A. growth and water B. movement and respiration C. water and pressure D. reproduction and nutrients E. organization and oxygen 16. Which of the following is NOT a physical factor essential for life? A. respiration B. water C. pressure D. heat E. oxygen
6 17. Body temperature usually shows slight variations, but stays within a normal range. This is an example of A. positive feedback B. catabolism C. homeostasis D. organization E. metabolism 18. Any condition that disrupts homeostasis is called A. negative feedback B. a response C. metabolism D. a stressor E. positive feedback 19. The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment with only slight deviations within a normal range is called A. metabolism B. anabolism C. catabolism D. homeostasis E. differentiation 20. During the birth of a baby, a hormone called oxytocin causes strong uterine contractions. The contractions stimulate the release of more oxytocin, which causes even stronger contractions. The cycle continues until there is a culminating event, namely the birth of the baby. This is an example of A. metabolism B. homeostasis C. positive feedback D. negative feedback E. uncontrollable homeostasis
7 21. Homeostasis is ultimately maintained by A. metabolism B. positive feedback loops C. differentiation loops D. negative feedback loops E. anabolism 22. When blood pressure increases above normal, sense receptors detect the change. Responses follow that decrease the blood pressure back to normal. This type of response is an example of A. positive feedback B. negative feedback C. metabolism D. anabolism E. catabolism 23. Jonathan is in anatomic position. In this position A. his arms are elevated to shoulder height B. he is sitting down on a chair C. his knees are superior to his hips D. he is face down on a bed E. he is standing with his feet on the floor E 24. A patient that is in anatomical position A. is sitting down and facing you B. has arms elevated in front of the body C. has the palms of the hand directed anteriorly D. is standing erect with the head turned to the right E. has the palms of the hands resting on the knees 25. A patient in the anatomical position
8 A. is also in the supine position B. has the buttocks and shoulder blades uppermost C. has the eyes open, facing inward D. has the abdominal surface and palmar surfaces of the hands facing the same direction E. has the gluteal region and the sternal region facing the same direction 26. Which one of the following pairs of directional terms is not correctly paired as opposites? A. lateral/medial B. superficial/parietal C. anterior/posterior D. proximal/distal E. superior/inferior 27. The term that describes a location toward the front of the body is A. proximal B. frontal C. superior D. anterior E. dorsal 28. The directional term that best describes the eyes relative to the nose is A. lateral B. dorsal C. anterior D. distal E. medial 29. The directional term that is opposite of proximal is A. visceral B. superficial C. deep D. distal E. medial
9 30. The plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions is the plane. A. anterior B. sagittal C. midsagittal D. transverse E. frontal E 31. Jason's leg was badly crushed in an accident and to save his life the surgeon had to amputate his leg below the knee. The primary direction of cut to perform the amputation was in the plane. A. transverse B. midsagittal C. sagittal D. frontal E. coronal 32. The plane that divides the brain into right and left portions is A. transverse B. frontal C. sagittal D. horizontal E. median 33. The cavity listed below that contains all of the others listed is the cavity. A. thoracic B. ventral C. abdominal D. pelvic E. abdominopelvic
10 34. Which of the following pairs of cavities are separated by the diaphragm? A. ventral cavity and dorsal cavity B. thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity C. thoracic cavity and dorsal cavity D. cranial cavity and spinal cavity E. abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity 35. The diaphragm is inferior to the cavity. A. thoracic B. abdominal C. pelvic D. spinal E. peritoneal 36. The two major cavities of the body are referred to as the dorsal and ventral body cavities. The ventral body cavity A. is smaller than the dorsal cavity B. contains organs concerned almost entirely with respiration, integration, and control C. is divided into cranial and spinal portions D. is subdivided into thoracic and abdominopelvic parts E. is divided by the diaphragm into abdominal and pelvic regions 37. Which of the following is totally within the upper right quadrant of the abdomen? A. right iliac region B. hypogastric region C. right lumbar region D. right hypochondriac region E. epigastric region 38. The stomach is just below the diaphragm on the left side. Most of the stomach is located in the region. A. left hypochondriac B. left lumbar
11 C. left inguinal D. umbilical E. hypogastric 39. The abdominal region that is lateral to the umbilical region is the A. iliac B. inguinal C. lumbar D. hypochondriac E. hypogastric 40. The liver is described as being located in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity. This means that a large portion of the liver is located in the region. A. hypogastric B. right lumbar C. umbilical D. right iliac E. right hypochondriac E 41. The arms and legs are part of the A. axial portion of the body B. dorsal body cavity C. appendicular portion of the body D. ventral body cavity E. parietal portion of the body 42. Which of the following belongs to the axial portion of the body? A. arm B. head C. thigh D. leg E. hand
12 43. Which of the following belongs to the appendicular portion of the body? A. neck B. vertebral column C. ribs and sternum D. thigh E. cranium 44. The region of the ear is the A. oral B. optic C. otic D. ophthalmic E. occipital 45. Intramuscular injections frequently are given in the buttock region. This is also identified as the region. A. gluteal B. inguinal C. lumbar D. sacral E. iliac 46. All of the following regions are located on the head EXCEPT the A. buccal B. otic C. oral D. ophthalmic E. crural E 47. The term costal refers to the A. ribs B. wrist
13 C. abdomen D. forearm E. skull 48. The posterior area of the knee joint is known as the region. A. crural body B. popliteal body C. antecubital body D. femoral body E. brachium body 49. The suffix "-itis" means A. study of B. to cut C. nearest D. inflammation E. upon or above 50. A root that means alike or the same is A. vas- B. homeo- C. metabol- D. ana- E. dors- SHORT ANSWER 1. What is the term for the study of functions and their relationships to each other and to structure? physiology
14 2. What is the term for the organizational level that is a collection of different tissues that work together to perform one or more functions? organ 3. What is the term for the body system that includes the skin? integumentary 4. What are three physical factors necessary for human life? (any three of these) water, nutrients, oxygen, heat, and pressure 5. What is the term for the condition of a constant internal environment; the internal environment stays within normal ranges? homeostasis 6. What is the term for the type of mechanism in which actions stimulate each other until there is a culminating event that terminates the process? positive feedback 7. What is the term that means closer to origin or attachment? proximal 8. What is the term for the plane that divides an organ into right and left portions? sagittal 9. What is the term for the cavity that contains the heart, stomach, liver, and urinary bladder?
15 ventral body cavity 10. What is the term for the smallest or most specific body cavity that contains the heart and lungs? thoracic cavity 11. What is the term for the abdominal region that is superior to the umbilical region? epigastric 12. What is the term for the central abdominal region? umbilical 13. What is the term for the neck region? cervical 14. What is the term for the region behind the knee? popliteal 15. What is the term for the arm? brachium