FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS ON CAPACITOR BANK INSTALLED IN TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD SUBSTATION SHAIRUL WIZMAR BIN WAHAB UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS ON CAPACITOR BANK INSTALLED IN TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD SUBSTATION SHAIRUL WIZMAR BIN WAHAB UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS ON CAPACITOR BANK INSTALLED IN TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD SUBSTATION SHAIRUL WIZMAR BIN WAHAB A project report submitted in fulfilment of the Requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering (Electrical-Power) Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia JUNE 2012

iii Specially dedicated to my beloved mom and dad, Leha bt. Mohd Noor and Wahab bin Abdul Rahman, My siblings and family, for their encouragement and support; As well as my beloved wife, Yuzlina bt. Mohd Napis, my kids Syahmi Harris and Nur Sarah Yasmin, and all my friends for their encouragement and motivated me along my excellent journey of education

iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful, Praise be to Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of the Worlds. With His permission I have completed my Master Degree of Electrical Engineering (Power) and hopefully this works will benefit the development of the Ummah all over the world I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Associate Prof. Dr. Mohd Wazir bin Mustafa, who has supported me throughout my work with his guidance, patience, motivation, enthusiasm and enormous knowledge whilst allowing me the room to work in my own way. I attribute the level of my Master Degree to his encouragement and effort which without him this report would not have been possible to be written and completed. It is an honor for me having this opportunity doing the project under his supervision. It is a pleasure to thank those who made this project report possible and I would like to show my huge appreciations to my fellow colleagues and also En. Danial Mohd Noor for the motivation and moral support. Last but not least, I owe my deepest appreciation to my beloved wife Yuzlina bt Mohd Napis, my father Wahab bin Abdul Rahman, my mother Leha bt Mohd Noor, my father in law Mohd Napis bin Mohd Shariff, my mother in law Kalsom bt, my son Syahmi Harris, my daughter Nur Sarah Yasmin and all my family for supporting me spiritually throughout my life.

v ABSTRACT Generally, reactive power is correlated with voltage in power system. In the high voltage substation, capacitor bank is used to increase back voltage that has been dropped due to high load or long transmission line used for transmitting electricity. In this work, it will describe in general on operation of capacitor bank in the system and details on analysis on performance of capacitor bank especially during failure of capacitor units or elements. In the capacitor bank design, it contains several capacitor units which have been arranged in specified configuration to provide reactive power to the system. A unit of capacitor bank itself contains many capacitor elements that provide capacitance value. There are many designs for arrangement of capacitor units and elements for capacitor bank by the Original Equipments Manufacturer (OEM). As usual, for any electrical equipment that installed in power system, it is protected with protection devices in order to avoid any damaged to the equipment during fault occurred. For failure of capacitor units or elements, it must be detected as well since it will contribute to the unbalance on capacitance value, current and voltage. There are two techniques of detecting failures of capacitor units or elements which are current and voltage techniques. In Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) substation, current technique is most preferable since the lack of voltage technique which is easy influenced by voltage grid system. Two models of capacitor bank that have been installed in TNB substation presently are modeled in PSCAD software for performance analysis aligns with allowable voltage tolerance stated in IEEE Std 18-1992 and Std 1036-1992. As conclusion, based on performance analysis of capacitor bank during failure of capacitor units or elements, the design of arrangement for capacitor units is very important since the failure of capacitor unit or element will lead to unbalance current in capacitor bank. Furthermore, from the analysis, the numbers of failure capacitor elements which produces to unbalance in the system can be predicted so that alarm and tripping will be triggered to avoid further damages.

vi ABSTRAK Secara umumnya, kuasa reaktif adalah berhubungkait dengan voltan pada sistem kuasa. Di Pencawang Voltan Tinggi, banka kapasitor digunakan untuk menaikkan semula voltan yang telah jatuh disebabkan beban tinggi atau penggunaan talian penghantaran yang panjang bagi menghantar elektrik. Di dalam kerja ini, ia akan menerangkan secara umum bagi operasi banka kapasitor di dalam sistem dan secara terperinci bagi analisis prestasi banka kapasitor terutamanya semasa kerosakan unit atau elemen. Di dalam rekabentuk banka kapasitor, ia mengandungi banyak unit kapasitor yang telah disusun dalam spesifik konfigurasi untuk membekalkan kuasa reaktif pada sistem. Satu unit kapasitor sendiri mengandungi elemen-elemen kapasitor yang membekalkan nilai kapasitan. Terdapat banyak rekabentuk bagi susunan unit atau elemen kapasitor untuk banka kapasitor oleh pembuat peralatan asal. Seperti lazimnya, bagi sebarang peralatan elektrik yang dipasang di dalam sistem, ianya dilindungi dengan sistem perlindungan untuk mengelakkan kemusnahanan peralatan semasa kerosakan berlaku. Bagi kerosakan unit atau elemen kapasitor, ianya mesti dikesan sebaiknya berikutan ia akan menyumbang kepada ketidakseimbangan nilai kapasitan, arus dan voltan. Terdapat dua teknik mengesan kerosakan unit atau elemen kapasitor iaitu teknik arus dan voltan. Di Pencawang Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), teknik arus lebih dipilih berikutan kekurangan teknik voltan yang lebih mudah dipengaruhi oleh voltan sistem grid. Dua model banka kapasitor yang telah dipasang di dalam pencawang TNB ketika ini dimodelkan di dalam perisisan PSCAD untuk analisis prestasi selaras dengan voltan dibenarkan seperti dinyatakan pada Piawai IEEE 18-1992 dan Piawai 1036-1992. Kesimpulannya, berdasarkan analisis prestasi banka kapasitor semasa kerosakan kapasitor unit atau elemen, rekabentuk untuk susunan kapasitor unit adalah sangat penting berikutan kerosakan kapasitor unit atau elemen akan menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan arus banka kapasitor. Tambahan lagi, bilangan untuk kerosakan elemen yang menghasilkan ketidakseimbangan di dalam sistem boleh dijangka supaya penggera dan pelantikan akan beroperasi bagi mengelakkan kerosakan seterusnya.

vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ii iii iv v vi vii xi xv xvii xviii 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Project Background 2 1.2.1 Reactive Power 3 1.2.2 Application in TNB System 5 1.3 Problem Statement 5 1.4 Objectives 6 1.5 Scope 7 1.6 Literature Review 7 1.6.1 Modeling System using PSCAD 8 1.6.2 Circuit Simulation 9 1.6.3 Performance Analysis 9 1.7 Report Outline 9

viii 2 CAPACITOR BANK 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Capacitor Bank 12 2.2.1 Power Factor Correction 12 2.2.2 Capacitor Unit 15 2.2.3 Capacitor Capabilities 17 2.2.4 System Configuration 18 2.3 Installation in TNB System 20 2.3.1 System Protection 21 2.3.2 Failure in Capacitor Unit 22 2.4 Summary 22 3 ANALYSIS ON FAILURE CAPACITOR BANK 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 Failure of Capacitor Unit 24 3.3 Method Detecting Unbalance 24 3.3.1 Current Detection Method 25 3.3.2 Voltage Detection Method 30 3.4 Application and Design of Capacitor Bank 32 3.4.1 Ungrounded Single Wye 32 3.4.2 Ungrounded Double Wye 33 3.4.3 Grounded Single Wye 34 3.4.4 Grounded Double Wye 34 3.5 Summary 35 4 MODELING FOR PSCAD SIMULATION 4.1 Introduction 36 4.2 Data Gathering and Analysis Techniques 37 4.3 Operation Capacitor Bank in the System 38 4.4 Capacitor Bank Model A 40 4.4.1 Design with Capacitor Unit 40 4.4.2 Design with Capacitor Elements 40 4.5 Capacitor Bank Model A 42 4.5.1 Design with Capacitor Unit 42

ix 4.5.2 Design with Capacitor Elements 42 4.6 Summary 44 5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 5.1 Introduction 45 5.2 Operation Capacitor Bank in the System 45 5.3 Analysis on Failure of Capacitor Elements: Model A 46 5.3.1 Case 1: Elements Failure at Same Group 48 5.3.2 Case 2: Elements Failure at Different Group 52 5.3.3 Case 3: Elements Failure at Same Group 55 and Different Group (All Elements) 5.3.4 Case 4: Elements Failure at Same Group 58 and Different Group (One Elements) 5.4 Analysis on Failure of Capacitor Units: Model A 59 5.4.1 Case 1: No Elements Failure 62 5.4.2 Case 2: Capacitor Unit Dropped to 9.00 µ F 62 (4 Elements Failure at Left Bank) 5.4.3 Case 3: Capacitor Unit Dropped Based Elements Failure at Left Bank 5.4.4 Case 4: Capacitor Unit Dropped to 9.82 µ F 64 65 (2 Elements Failure at Both Bank) 5.5 Analysis on Failure of Capacitor Elements: Model B 68 5.5.1 Case 1: Elements Failure at Same Group 69 5.5.2 Case 2: Elements Failure at Different Group 74 5.5.3 Case 3: Elements Failure at Same Group 77 and Different Group (All Elements) 5.5.4 Case 4: Elements Failure at Same Group 80 and Different Group (One Elements) 5.6 Analysis on Failure of Capacitor Units: Model B 81 5.6.1 Case 1: No Elements Failure 85 5.6.2 Case 2: Capacitor Unit Dropped to 24.70 µ F 85 (6 Elements Failure at Left Bank)

x 5.6.3 Case 3: Capacitor Unit Dropped Based Elements Failure at Left Bank 5.6.4 Case 4: Capacitor Unit Dropped to 28.50 µ F 87 89 (3 Elements Failure at Both Bank) 5.7 Finding 92 5.8 Summary 93 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 6.1 General Conclusion 94 6.2 Recommendation for Future Work 96 REFERENCES 97

xi LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 Example data capacitor bank installed in TNB 13 4.1 Data for capacitor bank Model A and Model B 37 5.1 Details calculation for capacitor element Model A 49 5.2 Summary results for Case 1 50 5.3 Analysis with one unit element failure (same group) 50 5.4 Analysis with two unit element failure (same group) 51 5.5 Analysis with three unit element failure (same group) 51 5.6 Analysis with four unit element failure (same group) 52 5.7 Analysis with one unit element failure (different group) 53 5.8 Analysis with two unit element failure (different group) 53 5.9 Analysis with three unit element failure (different group) 54 5.10 Analysis with four unit element failure (different group) 54 5.11 Analysis with eleven unit element failure (different group) 55 5.12 Analysis with eleven unit element failure (same and different 56 group) 5.13 Analysis with eight unit element failure (same and different 56 group) 5.14 Analysis with nine unit element failure (same and different 57 group) 5.15 Analysis with ten unit element failure (same and different 57 group) 5.16 Analysis with five unit element failure (same and different 58 group) 5.17 Capacitance Effects due to Failure of Capacitor Elements 60 5.18 Details for calculation for capacitor unit 61 5.19 No failures at the capacitor unit 62

xii TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 5.20 No capacitor unit failed 63 5.21 Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 9.00 µ F 63 5.22 Analysis with two capacitor unit dropped to value 9.00 µ F 63 5.23 Analysis with three capacitor unit dropped to value 9.00 µ F 64 5.24 Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 10.08 µ F 64 5.25 Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 9.82 µ F 65 5.26 Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 9.48 µ F 65 5.27 Analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both bank (same phase) 5.28 Analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both bank (different phase) 5.29 Analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both bank (different phase) 5.30 Summary analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both banks 5.31 Details for calculation for capacitor element Model B 70 5.32 Summary result for Case 1 71 5.33 Analysis with one unit element failure (same group) 71 5.34 Analysis with two unit element failure (same group) 72 5.35 Analysis with three unit element failure (same group) 72 5.36 Analysis with four unit element failure (same group) 73 5.37 Analysis with five unit element failure (same group) 73 5.38 Analysis with six unit element failure (same group) 74 5.39 Analysis with one unit element failure (different group) 75 5.40 Analysis with two unit element failure (different group) 75 5.41 Analysis with three unit element failure (different group) 76 5.42 Analysis with four unit element failure (different group) 76 5.43 Analysis with four unit element failure (same and different group) 66 66 67 67 77

xiii TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 5.44 Analysis with five unit element failure (same and different group) 5.45 Analysis with six unit element failure (same and different group) 5.46 Analysis with seven unit element failure (same and different group) 5.47 Analysis with eight unit element failure (same and different group) 5.48 Analysis with nine unit element failure (same and different group) 5.49 Analysis with seven unit element failure (same and different group) 5.50 Capacitance Effects due to Failure of Capacitor Elements 83 5.51 Details for calculation for capacitor unit 84 5.52 No failures at the capacitor unit 85 5.53 No capacitor unit failed 86 5.54 Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 24.70 µ F 86 5.55 Analysis with two capacitor units dropped to value 24.70 µ F (same group) 5.56 Analysis with two capacitor units dropped to value 24.70 µ F (different group) 5.57 Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 30.19 µ F 88 5.58 Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 29.41 µ F 88 5.59 Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 28.50 µ F 88 5.60 Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 27.45 µ F 89 5.61 Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 26.20 µ F 89 5.62 Analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both bank (same phase) 5.63 Analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both bank (different phase) 78 78 79 79 80 81 86 87 90 90

xiv TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 5.64 Analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both bank (different 91 phase) 5.65 Summary analysis on failure of capacitor unit at both bank 91 5.66 Findings for Model A and Model B 92

xv LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE 1.1 Modeling power system 4 1.2 Flow chart of project methodology 8 2.1 Power Triangle 13 2.2 Application capacitor bank to substation 14 2.3 Power factor correction 14 2.4 Capacitor bank system 15 2.5 Design for capacitor unit 16 2.6 Complete bay for capacitor bank 20 2.7 System Protection for Capacitor Bank 21 3.1 Statistic failure capacitor bank 24 3.2 Simplified circuit for unbalance current method 25 3.3 Simplified circuit for unbalance method red phase 26 3.4 Simplified circuit for unbalance method yellow phase 28 3.5 Simplified circuit for unbalance method blue phase 29 3.6 Vectorial current summation 30 3.7 Simplified circuit for unbalance voltage method 31 3.8 Ungrounded single Y with using voltage method 33 3.9 Ungrounded double Y with using current method 33 3.10 Grounded single Y with using current method 34 3.11 Grounded double Y with using current method 35 4.1 Installation Capacitor Bank in the System 38 4.2 Circuit for Capacitor Bank 39 4.3 Arrangement for Capacitor Unit of Model A 41 4.4 Arrangement for Capacitor Elements of Model A 41 4.5 Arrangement for Capacitor Unit of Model B 43 4.6 Arrangement for Capacitor Elements of Model B 44

xvi FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE 5.1 Output for Operation of Capacitor Bank 46 5.2 Design for Arrangements of Capacitor Element Model A 47 5.3 Design for Arrangements of Capacitor Unit Model A 59 5.4 Design for Arrangements of Capacitor Element Model B 68 5.5 Design for Arrangements of Capacitor Unit Model B 82

xvii LIST OF SYMBOLS P - Real Power Q - Reactive Power V - Receiving Voltage E - Sending Voltage C - Capacitance δ - Angle of Sending Voltage θ - Angle of Impedance φ - Angle of Current S A - Sending Apparent Power S B - Receiving Apparent Power µ F - Micro Farad Z - Impedance X - Reactance kva - Unit of Apparent Power kw - Unit of Active Power kvar - Unit of Reactive Power f - Frequency R 1 - Total Capacitance Red Left Bank Y 1 - Total Capacitance Yellow Left Bank B 1 - Total Capacitance Blue Left Bank R 2 - Total Capacitance Red Right Bank Y 2 - Total Capacitance Yellow Right Bank R 2 - Total Capacitance Blue Right Bank I - Unbalance Current

xviii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Single-Y - Single Wye Double-Y - Double Wye PSCAD - Power System Computer Aided Design TNB - Tenaga Nasional Berhad SVC - Static Var Compensator PF - Power Factor IEEE - International of Electrical & Electronic Eng. CT - Current Transformer MS - Malaysia Standard

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Nowadays, power system demand kept increasing from time to time aligns with development in every aspect of life. There will be a big responsibility and challenge to the utility company to deliver good quality service to the consumers including minimum interruption. As basic principles of electrical power system, voltage profile can be controlled by reactive power management meanwhile frequency profile can be controlled by active power management. Hence, any requirement especially in case voltage fluctuation either low or high occurred, we can control by providing reactive power as needed. The sources for providing reactive power can be in many ways such as generators, capacitors and reactors. Generally installation of capacitor bank in the substation is a device providing reactive power to the system in order to maintain nominal voltage which might drop due to high load and losses. In this project, more focus is given to analyze on failure on capacitor bank itself. The capacitor bank system should help power system grid

2 but without proper design or poor knowledge and implementation on this, capacitor bank will become catastrophic to electrical engineer which might waste a lot of energy and money in order to maintain it, also increasing of risk factor due to explosion on any capacitor unit. In this chapter, it will describe clearly on project background, problem statement, objectives on this project, scopes of the project and the methodology in order to achieve the targets. In addition, it also discusses generally on relation reactive power with voltage profile and application by utility company in Malaysia for providing reactive power to the system. 1.2 Project Background Generally, the voltage in the substation plays a vital role in order to determine the reliability and availability supply to the customers. It must be monitored closely especially from the utility side so that provided voltage at the busbar is within tolerance given. Low voltage can contribute to bad performance on the electrical equipment meanwhile over voltage can contribute to over stress on the insulation and reduce life time of the equipment. In power system, electricity which generated from power station is transmitted via transmission lines to give supply at load centre. With consideration losses at transmission lines, it will affect voltage drop at the substation. Meantime, voltage drop can be happened when the substation is connected with heavy loaded area in example at industrial area. However, voltage can be higher and exceeding the limits during light load and at same time too many generator were in service.

3 As stated in basic electrical power system, a change in real power demand affects essentially the frequency meanwhile a change in reactive power affects mainly the voltage magnitude. It shows that voltage can be controlled with providing additional reactive power in the system. The sources of reactive power are generators, capacitors and reactors [9]. In the substation, capacitors are used widely to increase back the low voltage meanwhile reactors are used widely to reduce back over voltage in the system. Capacitor bank installation is more preferable might due to more economical and less maintenance compared with other devices such as Static Var Compensator (SVC). Capacitor bank that has been installed in the substation should be working efficiently to provide reactive power in the system so that voltage profile can be controlled as well. Generally, capacitor bank is designed with series and parallel connection of several capacitor units. It also has been designed with selected system configuration such as Double Wye (Double-Y) Undergrounded System or Double-Y Grounded System. In this study, focus is given to Double-Y Undergrounded System since it has been used in Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) Substation. Failures of capacitor bank due to capacitor units or elements are detected through protection devices installed in the system. 1.2.1 Reactive Power With looking into reactive power system, an ideal case will show balance between existence of reactive power generated and reactive power requirement of the grid. If these two balance with each other then the voltage profile of the grid can be said good [10].

4 When the balance between reactive power generated and reactive power required is disturbed, the voltage instability prevails causing voltage fluctuations [10]. In the simplest word, we can appreciate that: Reactive generation < Reactive requirement = Low voltage Reactive generation > Reactive requirement = Low voltage Considering Figure 1.1 for modeling of power transfer and reactive power [10]: Figure 1.1: Modeling power system From derivation, we can see voltage depends only on reactive power. The equations stated as below [10]: XQ E V = (1.1) V E V Q (1.2) Where E = sending voltage V = receiving voltage Q = reactive power X = reactance

5 1.2.2 Application in Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) Substation TNB is a utility company in Malaysia that supply electricity in Peninsular of Malaysia. Similarly with other utilities company in the world, TNB also has shown their concern about voltage magnitude especially in the substation. With same principles of electrical engineering applied to the system, TNB has used equipment in the substation to inject or absorb reactive power in order to control the voltage magnitude such as: i. Installation of capacitor bank to increase dropped voltage ii. iii. Installation of reactor to compensate over voltage Installation SVC to increase dropped voltage and to compensate over voltage 1.3 Problem Statement Capacitor bank is one of the common applications that have been used widely in the substation in order to increase the voltage drop. Capacitor bank is designed with many connection of capacitor unit instead only one connection capacitor unit. The reason capacitor bank is not designed with only one connection unit might due to the capability on design capacitor unit with high value capacitance and to minimize risk if one capacitor unit failure and contributed the whole capacitor bank to be out of service. A number of capacitor units are arranged with series and parallel connection to provide or inject reactive power to the system. In the high voltage substation, capacitor bank is installed and connected directly to the high voltage busbar.

6 There are several reasons can be listed out as root causes on the failure of capacitor bank from operating efficiently. One of that is the failure of capacitor units or elements which can cause capacitor bank to be out of service for certain period until the problems have been rectified. Basically, there are many designs with different total number of capacitor units and different arrangements of capacitor units. Protective relays have been installed in the capacitor bank bay so that any abnormalities can be sensed quickly and enable circuit breaker to isolate the system immediately. Nevertheless, the focus here is to determine the techniques to be used for detecting the failure of capacitor units. 1.4 Objectives The main objectives of this project are as follow: i. To review method of detecting unbalance system due to failure of capacitor unit ii. iii. To analyze unbalance current method as utilized in TNB system To simulate and evaluate the performances of capacitor bank design during failure of capacitor unit

7 1.5 Scope of the Project The main scopes of this research are as follow: i. Study and analysis is based on capacitor bank installed in TNB Substation (Configuration Double-Y Ungrounded) ii. iii. Analysis on technique or method of detecting on failure capacitor unit in capacitor bank system Simulation and analysis performance from two model of capacitor bank by using PSCAD software: a) Model A had been installed at TNB Cheras Jaya 132kV Substation b) Model B had been installed at TNB Bukit Jelutong 132kV Substation 1.6 Literature Review In order to achieve the project objectives, the methodology is constructed with several stages as Figure 1.2. In literature review, the focus is to review the basic principles of capacitor bank design, principles and construction. The protection scheme for capacitor bank also has been reviewed for deep understanding on which protective relays should be operated during capacitor unit failed. Besides, the techniques for detecting failure of capacitor unit has been analyzed as well so that the principles can be clearly understood and applied in this research.

8 Figure 1.2: Flow chart of project methodology 1.6.1 Modeling System using PSCAD There are two designed model of capacitor bank installed in TNB system. Both is using configuration Double-Y Connection. Both designs are modeled in PSCAD so that the performance for every design during failure of capacitor unit or elements can be determined.

9 1.6.2 Circuit Simulation Both models of circuits are used for simulation using PSCAD/EMTDC software in order to analyze the performance of capacitor bank. 1.6.3 Performance Analysis The performance for each design of capacitor bank during failure of capacitor unit or elements is analyzed and evaluated by creating some case study related to the failure. 1.7 Report Outline Report writing is conducted in order to document the project s objectives, scopes, methodology and the results. All methodology involved is documented and explained in detail for understanding purposed. This project report consists of six chapters. In Chapter 1, the project is elaborated clearly including the objectives and scopes of the project. In Chapter 2, the principles of capacitor bank have been discussed thoroughly for deeper understanding. It also described application capacitor bank at site for more

10 understanding. In Chapter 3, the techniques for detecting failure of capacitor unit are discussed including modeling of the circuits and the formulas. In Chapter 4, the circuit modeled in PSCAD software for simulation meanwhile in Chapter 5 more discussed on result and the discussion. In Chapter 6, it is the project conclusion and recommendation for future works.

97 REFERENCES 1. Jerry C. Whitetaker, AC Power Systems Handbook, CRC Press, page 49-92, 2007. 2. Math H.J Bolten, Irene Y.H Gu, Signal Processing of Power Quality Disturbance, IEEE Press, page 41-60, 2006. 3. Terrace Smith, Determining Setting for Capacitor Bank System Protection, GE Digital Energy/Multilin, IEEE Press., 2010 4. B. Kasztenny, D. McGinn, I. Voloh, Enhanced Adaptive Protection Method for Capacitor Banks, IEEE Press., 2006 5. Gustavo Brunellio, Shunt Capacitor Bank Fundamentals and Protection IEEE Press., 2003 6. Theodore R. Bosela, Electrical System Design, page 200-230, 1994 7. B. Kasztenny, Joe Scahefer, Ed Clark, Fundamentals of Adaptive Protection of Large Capacitor Bank, Presented to the 60 th Annual Georgia Technical Protective Relay Conference, May 3-5,2006 8. IEEE Std. C37.99-2000, Guide for the Protection of Shunt Capacitor Banks, June 2000. 9. Hadi Saadat, Power System Analysis, Mc Graw-Hill, 1999 10. Theodore Wildi. Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power System 5 th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2001 11. IEEE Std. 18-2002, IEEE Standard for Shunt Power Capacitors

98 12. Peter H. Thiel (A), John E.Harder(F), George E.Taylor, Fuseless Capacitor Banks, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 2, April 2002 13. TNBT Engineering, Unbalance Current for Calculation Capacitor Bank, 2008 14. Martin Bishop, Tim Day, Arvind Chaudhary, A primer on Capacitor Bank Protection, IEEE Press., 2000 15. Satish Samineni, Casper Labuschagne, Jeff Pope, Principles of Shunt Capacitor Bank Application and Protection, IEEE, 2010 16. Randy Horton, Ted Warren, Karl Fender, Steven Harry, Charles A. Gross, Unbalance Protection of Fuseless, Split Wye, Grounded, Shunt Capacitor Banks, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.17, No 3, July 2002 17. IEEE Std. 824-2004, IEEE Standard for Series Power Capacitors