Biology EOC Review Project Introduction: Over the course of this year in Biology, you have learned about living organisms through the lens of evolution. Earth is home to more than 8 million different species of organisms. All of these organisms evolved from the same common ancestor nearly 4 billion years ago. This shared ancestry can be seen in the common macromolecules that make up all living organisms, the shared processes such as cellular respiration, transcription of DNA into RNA, and translation of RNA into protein, a universal genetic code and a system of organization that is based on the same cellular unit. Despite these shared characteristics, each species is uniquely adapted for survival in their ecosystem and their particular niche. There are a myriad of adaptations that have evolved over the 4 billion years since that first common ancestor. These adaptations have largely appeared due to mutations in the DNA of a species and, if advantageous, these mutations have been passed on to the offspring following Mendel s laws of inheritance dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. As organisms acquired more and more mutations (or adaptations), they began limiting their reproductive choices to organisms with shared behaviors (again, more adaptations) and new species evolved. As more and more species evolved, shared ecosystems became complex networks of interrelationships between all the different organisms some competed, some helped each other, and many others found a unique niche that they alone could occupy. Goal: The goal of this project is to help you review the past year in a way that allows you to be creative, thoughtful, and, hopefully, to find some common ground between the 7 units that we covered. Project Expectations: Working in partnership with 2 or 3 other students, you will create a Biology review product. The product can be a game (i.e. a board game), an instructional website, a series of instructional videos, a series of review activity stations, etc. You may be as creative as you want BUT you must get my approval on your project format BEFORE you begin work. The final product must be complete by Monday morning (8:30AM) May 21.
Project Requirements: Every group must complete specific tasks by each of the following check-points: Date Task to be completed Teacher Initial Format of review product (specify what format): May 8 Details of completed tasks: May 10 Equivalent of 1 unit should be completed. Details of completed tasks: May 11 Details of completed tasks: May 15 Equivalent of 2 units should be completed. Details of completed tasks: May 17 Details of tasks that are NOT yet complete: May 18
Every product must contain ALL elements listed below and on the next 6 pages for 3 UNITS: Adaptations Adaptive Radiation Analogous Structures Archaea Asexual reproduction Binomial Nomenclature Bottleneck Effect Cladogram Coevolution Convergent evolution Derived Characteristics Unit 1 - Evolution Dichotomous Key Directional Selection Disruptive Selection Endosymbiosis Theory Estivation Eubacteria Eukaryotes Founder Effect Fungi Genetic Drift Homologous Structures Isolation Migration Natural Selection Phylogeny Protista Sexual reproduction Speciation Stabilizing Selection Survival of the fittest Taxonomy Vestigial Organs Evidence for evolution can be seen in fossils, shared anatomical structures, and molecular similarities. Natural Selection: Although species have the potential to increase exponentially, limited resources ensure that only the fittest members of a species survive, reproduce and pass on their traits (genotypes and phenotypes). There is a constant Struggle for Survival which means only the Fittest Survive Populations evolve because they are genetically variable due to mutations. Individuals do NOT evolve they either survive and reproduce or die. Behavioral, structural, and reproductive adaptations are essential for the survival and reproductive success of an organism. Evolutionary relationships represented by phylogenetic trees or cladograms show common ancestors and derived characteristics that connect different species. Classification systems reveal evolutionary relationships and are continuously changing as scientists gain new knowledge. Geographic, temporal and behavioral isolation in combination with mutations, accumulation of advantageous alleles and changing micro-environments leads to the formation of new species or Speciation Disease agents can alter natural selection by preferentially selecting organisms with resistance to antibiotics/pesticides or immunity or with access to vaccines or antivirals. Bio.3.4.1 How do fossil, molecular, and anatomical evidence support the theory of evolution? Bio.3.4.2 How does natural selection lead to changes in species over time? Bio.3.4.3 How can disease agents (bacteria, viruses, chemicals) influence natural selection? Bio.2.1.2 How do behavioral, structural and reproductive adaptations ensure the survival and reproductive success of organisms? Bio.3.5.1 Why are trees used to represent evolutionary relationships? Bio.3.5.2 How do current classification systems reveal evolutionary history?
Active Transport Cell Membrane Cell Wall Chloroplast Cholesterol Cytoplasm Differentiation Diffusion Endocytosis Eukaryote Exocytosis Unit 2 - Organization Facilitated Diffusion Fatty Acid Flagella Glycerol Homeostasis Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic Lipid Mitochondria Nucleus Organelle Osmosis Passive Transport Phospholipid Plasmolysis Prokaryote Ribosome Stem Cells Steroid Triglyceride Vacuole The structure of organelles in eukaryotic cells is closely related to their function. Organelles interact with each other to perform the functions of the cell. The cell theory state that all living things are made up of cells, the cell is basic unit of structure of all organisms, and cells come only from other living cells. Prokaryotic cells are structurally less complex than eukaryotic cells although they carry out most of the same processes as eukaryotic cells. During the process of differentiation, cells become specialized to perform a specific function in a multicellular organism. Stem cells are unspecialized cells and, under the right conditions, can differentiate into a specialized cell. Movement of substances into and out of a cell can occur by several mechanisms including active and passive transport, diffusion, and osmosis. Unicellular organisms have various unique structures and adaptive behaviors that are essential for survival. Lipids are biological molecules that are essential components of all living things. Bio.1.1.2 What similarities and differences exist in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Bio.1.1.1 How do organelles work together to carry out the essential functions of a cell? Bio.1.1.3 How can cells with the same DNA become so different in structure and function? Bio.1.2.1 How is homeostasis maintained in a cell and within an organism in different environments? Bio.1.2.3 How do specific adaptations help unicellular organisms survive? Bio.4.1.1 How is the structure of a lipid related to its function in terms of cellular homeostasis?
Unit 3 - Energy Active Site Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Calvin Cycle Cellular Respiration Cellulose Denaturation Disaccharides Electron Transport Chain Endocytosis Enzyme Exocytosis Fermentation Fructose Galactose Glucose Glycogen Glycolysis Kreb s Cycle Light-dependent reactions Monosaccharides Photosynthesis Polysaccharides Product Starch Substrate Energy is a property of an object that can be transferred to other objects. Energy can be (and is) converted from one form to another in an organism and within an ecosystem. The different form of energy that are important to organisms and ecosystems are heat, chemical and solar. Cellular respiration is the process of converting chemical energy in the form of food into another type of chemical energy (ATP) that can be used to power the essential functions in the cell. All eukaryotic cells must produce ATP and, thus, all have mitochondria where cellular respiration occurs. Aerobic cellular respiration requires oxygen and yields up to 38 molecules of ATP. Anaerobic cellular respiration is called fermentation, occurs in the absence of oxygen and yields only 2 molecules of ATP. Photosynthesis is the process of converting solar energy into chemical energy and occurs within the chloroplast of plant cells. There are 2 important reactions in photosynthesis the light-dependent reaction and the light-independent reaction (or Calvin Cycle). Organisms require a constant supply of energy to help maintain homeostasis. Movement of substances into and out of a cell by active transport requires energy in the form of ATP. Inside all living organisms, many biological reactions are occurring all the time these reactions are essential to the survival of the organism. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biological reactions they help reactions occur. The structure of an enzyme is important to its function errors in the structure can make the enzyme not work or work incorrectly. Bio.4.2.1 How is energy stored, released, and transferred within and between organisms (photosynthesis and cellular respiration)? Bio.4.2.2 How do organisms use released energy to maintain homeostasis? Bio.4.1.1 How is the structure and function of carbohydrates related to the survival of living organisms? Bio.4.1.3 How do enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions?
Unit 4 - Information Adenine Anaphase Asexual reproduction Centrioles Centromeres Chromatin/Chromosomes Cytokinesis Cytosine DNA DNA polymerase DNA replication Double helix Gene Genome Guanine Helicase Interphase Metaphase Mitosis Monomer Nitrogenous base Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Polymer Prophase Sister chromatid Spindle fiber Telophase Thymine Uracil The structure of nucleic acids is intimately linked to its function storing and replicating genetic information. Information stored in the sequence of bases in the DNA is the recipe for the development of an organism. The cell cycle represents that cycle of growth and division that all cells go through. Cells divide by a process called mitosis to ensure that the size of the cell does not get too large. Mitosis is an example of asexual reproduction. As organisms grow, the information in DNA is copied and transferred to every new cell. Bio.4.1.1 What is a gene and what is its relationship to DNA? Bio.3.1.1 How is the structure of DNA (double-stranded and complementary) related to its function as the source of genetic information in an organism? Bio.1.2.2 Why do cells divide? Bio.1.2.2 How do cells grow and reproduce?
Unit 5 Central Dogma Anti-codon Base substitution Cloning Codon CRISPR Deletion mutation DNA fingerprinting Epigenetics Frameshift mutation Gene expression Genome GMO Homologous chromosome Insertion mutation Messenger RNA Missense mutation Mutagen Mutation Nonsense mutation Plasmid Promoter Recombinant DNA Restriction Enzyme Ribosomal RNA RNA polymerase Silent mutation Trait Transcription Transcription factor Transfer RNA Transformation Transgenic Translation Information stored in the sequence of bases in the DNA is the recipe for the development of an organism. The information in DNA is decoded into proteins that determine the function of a cell in a multicellular organism. The information in DNA also determines the phenotype of an organism. Mutations are changes in DNA coding and can be deletions, additions or substitutions. Mutations can occur randomly or in response to radiation or a chemical exposure. Mutations in DNA lead to changes in the amino acid sequence of proteins, the function of the protein and the phenotype of the organism. Changes in the phenotype of an organism can also occur due to epigenetic modifications to the DNA double helix. Technological advancements have led to the ability to understand the connection between genes and disease and manipulate genes to alter the phenotype of an organism. Technological advancements in genetics have led to concerns about the ethical use of genetic information. Bio.4.1.2 and Bio.3.1.2 How does DNA code for proteins and determine traits? Bio.3.1.3 and Bio.4.1.2 How can mutations alter DNA and lead to changes in organisms? Bio.1.1.3 How does selective DNA expression lead to cell differentiation and specialization? Bio.3.3 How can humans use DNA technology to better understand the natural world?
Allele Autosomal chromosomes Blood type Chromosomal mutations Co-dominance Crossing-Over Dihybrid Unit 6 Inheritance Diploid Dominance Gametes Genotype Haploid Heterozygous Homologous chromosomes Homozygous Incomplete Dominance Karyotype Meiosis Monohybrid Multiple alleles Nondisjunction Pedigree Chart Phenotype Polygenic Traits Punnett squares Recessive Sex chromosomes Sickle cell anemia Somatic cells Trait X-linked traits Zygote Germ cells undergo meiosis leading to the production of the gametes (sperm and egg cells) needed for reproduction. The process of cell division by Meiosis leads to the production of gametes with ½ the number of chromosomes (haploid) contained in most cells of the body. Fusion of 2 gametes leads to the formation of a zygote with a full set of chromosomes (called diploid). Autosomal chromosomes contain the genes that DO NOT determine the gender of an organism both genders in a species will have the same type and number of autosomal chromosomes. Sex-chromosomes contain the genes that determine the gender of an organism. Males have 2 different sex-chromosomes, X and Y. Females have 2 X chromosomes. Karyotypes are an illustration of the chromosomes in an organism and can be used to determine gender as well as chromosomal abnormalities such as Downs Syndrome. Independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis, crossing-over during prophase I and random assortment of chromosomes during zygote formation (fertilization) exemplify the sources of genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms. Alleles represent the different forms that a particular gene can have. Most genes are represented by 2 alleles. The gene for blood type is a multiple allele gene (it has 3 alleles) Each organism has 2 alleles of each gene 1 from each parent. Punnett squares can be used to determine the genotype and phenotype ratios of offspring from a given parental cross. Patterns of genetic inheritance depend on whether genes are dominant or recessive or display an intermediate pattern such as co-dominance or incomplete dominance. X-linked traits are those that occur on the X chromosome. Both heredity and environment interact to produce their effects the way that genes are expressed depends on the environment in which they act. Bio.3.2.1 What is the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction and genetic variation? Bio.3.2.2 How can the ratio of offsprings be predicted from patterns of inheritance? Bio.3.2.3 How does the environment influence the expression of genetic traits?
Unit 7 - Interactions Autotroph Carbon cycle Carnivore Carrying capacity Commensalism Competition Consumer Decomposer Detritivore Ecological pyramid Ecosystem Exponential growth Food Chain / Web Global warming Greenhouse Gases Habitat Herbivore Heterotroph Invasive species Keystone species Limiting resources Logistic growth Mutualism Niche Nitrogen cycle Nitrogen Fixation Nonrenewable resource Nutrients Omnivore Parasitism Predation Producer Renewable resource Sustainable development Symbiosis Trophic level Water cycle The flow of energy and the cycling of matter through an ecosystem can affect its health and sustainability. Organisms within an ecosystem interact with each other (predation, competition, parasitism, and mutualism) and with the environment to ensure the stability of the ecosystem. Although populations fluctuate depending on the availability of food and shelter and the presence of predators and disease, an ecosystem, as a whole, can be relatively stable over hundreds or even thousands of years. Human activity through rampant population growth, pollution, climate change, fossil fuel burning, habitat destruction and the introduction of nonnative species, has had significant and often devastating impacts on environments around the world. How humans in one generation use, protect, and/or conserve natural resources will impact future generations on Earth. Bio.2.1.1 How is energy transferred in a community s feeding relationship? Bio.2.1.3 How do the interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment help ensure ecosystem stability? Bio.2.1.4 Why do ecosystems remain stable despite continual fluctuations in populations? Bio.2.2.1 & Bio.2.2.2 How does human activity impact the environment from one generation to the next?
The final product will be graded based on the following rubric: Category Requirements Score Team effort 40 pts Product Creativity and Quality 14 pts Review Components 21 pts Every member of the team completes a task each day in class from May 7 through May 21. This will be demonstrated by a detailed summary of completed tasks on the checklist. The review product is creative and easy to follow and/or understand. It is effective and helpful for reviewing the content of each unit covered. This will be demonstrated, in part, by peer use and evaluation of the product while reviewing for the EOC. The review component for each unit includes a description and/or definition of the listed vocabulary, all essential questions are answered and all of the learning topics are covered. Extra Credit Up to 15 pts Any units completed beyond the required 3 units will be worth extra credit points Score Summary 20 Met all of the requirement as described 16 Met at least 50% of the requirements 12 Met less that 50% of the requirements 10 Did not meet most of the requirements 0 Met no requirements The final product must be complete by Monday morning (8:30AM) May 21.