13 STATES OF MATTER Each clue describes a vocabulary term. Read the clues and write the letters of each term on the lines. 1. Clue: the energy an object has because of its motion. 2. Clue: results from the force exerted by a gas per unit surface area of an object. 3. Clue: the process in which molecules of a liquid escape from the surface of a liquid that is not boiling. 4. Clue: the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is just equal to the external pressure. 5. Clue: sample in which particles are arranged in an orderly, repeating, three-dimensional pattern. 6. Clue: two or more different molecular forms of the same element in the same physical state. 7. Clue: the temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid. 8. Clue: the SI unit of pressure. Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Write the letters found inside the circles on the lines below. Then unscramble them to find the name of a device for measuring the atmospheric pressure. Scrambled Letters: Solution: Chapter 13 States of Matter 329
14 THE BEHAVIOR OF GASES Match the correct vocabulary term to each numbered statement. Write the letter of the correct term on the line. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Column A At constant volume and temperature, the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases. The volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature if the pressure is kept constant. The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass. the contribution each gas in a mixture makes to the total pressure of that mixture a measure of how much the volume of matter decreases under pressure Column B a. combined gas law b. ideal gas constant (R) c. diffusion d. compressibility e. Boyle s law 6. 7. For a given mass of gas at constant temperature, the volume of the gas varies inversely with pressure. the tendency of molecules to move toward areas of lower concentration until the concentration is uniform throughout 1 V 1 2 V 2 P 1 P 2 8. T T 9. the escape of a gas through a tiny hole in a container of gas 10. 8.31 (LpkPa)/(Kpmol) f. partial pressure g. Dalton s law of partial pressures h. effusion i. Charles s law j. Graham s law of effusion Chapter 14 The Behavior of Gases 359
15 WATER AND AQUEOUS SYSTEMS Each clue describes a vocabulary term. Read the clues and write the letters of each term on the lines. 1. Clue: hygroscopic substances used as drying agents. 2. Clue: a relatively strong intermolecular force responsible for water s high surface tension. 3. Clue: a mixture from which particles settle out upon standing. 4. Clue: a solution in which the solvent is water. 5. Clue: the dissolving medium in a solution. 6. Clue: a wetting agent that interferes with hydrogen bonding in water. 7. Clue: a substance that completely dissociates into its ions in solution. 8. Clue: the water loosely held in a crystal structure. 9. Clue: the chaotic movement of particles in a solution. Write the letters found inside the circles on the lines below. Then unscramble them to find the three states of a substance essential for life on Earth. Scrambled Letters: Solution: 1. 2. 3. Chapter 15 Water and Aqueous Systems 385
16 VOCABULARY REVIEW From each group of terms, choose the term that does not belong and then explain your choice. 1. saturated, unsaturated, molarity, supersaturated 2. miscible, immiscible, concentration 3. molarity, mole fraction, molality, Henry s law 4. solubility of a gas, Henry s law, pressure, colligative properties 5. colligative properties, saturated solution, freezing-point depression, molality 6. molal freezing-point depression constant (K f ), colligative properties, ice cream, molarity 7. surface area, mole fraction, temperature, stirring 8. dilute solution, concentrated solution, M 1 V 1 M 2 V 2, boiling-point elevation Chapter 16 Solutions 411
17 THERMOCHEMISTRY Match the correct vocabulary term to each numbered statement. Write the letter of the correct term on the line. Column A Column B 1. the quantity of heat that raises the temperature of 1 g of pure water by 1 C a. calorie 2. the capacity to do work or to supply heat b. joule 3. a device used to measure the amount of heat absorbed or released during chemical or physical processes c. exothermic 4. the heat content of a substance d. molar heat of solution 5. the SI unit of energy e. molar heat of fusion 6. the heat absorbed by 1 mole of a substance in melting from a solid to a liquid at a constant temperature f. calorimeter 7. 8. 9. 10. If two or more thermochemical equations are added to give a final equation, their heat changes can be added to determine the final heat change. the heat absorbed or released by the dissolution of 1 mole of substance a chemical change in which heat is absorbed a process that loses heat to the surroundings g. enthalpy h. energy i. Hess s law of heat summation j. endothermic reaction Chapter 17 Thermochemistry 441
19 ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS From each group of terms, choose the term that does not belong and then explain your choice. 1. basic, neutral, acidic, hydronium ion 2. acidic solution, hydroxide ion, basic solution, alkaline solution 3. Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, Lewis, amphoteric 4. conjugate acid, Brønsted-Lowry, Lewis acid, conjugate base 5. weak bases, weak acids, strong acids, dissociation constant Choose the term from the following list that best matches each description. equivalence point hydrolyzing salts neutral buffer 6. compounds derived from the reaction of a strong base with a weak acid or from the reaction of a strong acid with a weak base 7. a term used to describe the ph of a solution that results when one equivalent of a strong acid is mixed with one equivalent of a strong base 8. the point of neutralization in a titration 9. a solution that consists of a weak acid and one of its salts, or a solution of a weak base and one of its salts 502 Core Teaching Resources
24 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE Match the correct vocabulary term to each numbered statement. Write the letter of the correct term on the line. Column A 1. class of relatively water-insoluble organic compounds of which waxes, fats, and oils are members 2. protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction in a living organism 3. any combination of amino acids in which the amino group of one acid is united with the carboxylic acid group of another 4. process by which green plants and algae convert radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy 5. a random change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA 6. a small organic molecule or metal ion necessary for an enzyme s biological activity Column B a. saponification b. peptide c. lipids d. polysaccharide e. active site f. enzyme 7. the location in an enzyme molecule into which the substrate of a chemical reaction fits 8. a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides found primarily in the nucleus of a cell 9. segment of DNA that codes for one kind of protein 10. complex carbohydrate formed by the linkage of many monosaccharide monomers 11. hydrolysis of fats or oils using hot aqueous sodium hydroxide g. photosynthesis h. coenzyme i. gene j. deoxyribonucleic acid k. mutation Chapter 24 The Chemistry of Life 645
25 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY Match the correct vocabulary term to each numbered statement. Write the letter of the correct term on the line. Column A Column B 1. time required for one half of the nuclei of a radioisotope sample to decay to products 2. elements in the periodic table with atomic numbers above 92 3. conversion of an atom of one element to an atom of another element 4. isotopes that have unstable nuclei and undergo radioactive decay 5. high-energy photon with no mass or electrical charge 6. fast-moving electrons released by a radioactive nucleus a. radioisotopes b. half-life c. Geiger counter d. beta particles e. fission f. radiation 7. the splitting of an atomic nucleus into smaller fragments 8. gas-filled metal tube used to detect the presence of radiation 9. positively charged particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons 10. penetrating rays and particles emitted by a radioactive source 11. device that uses a coated phosphor surface to detect ionizing radiation 12. reaction in which two light nuclei combine to form a nucleus of greater mass g. transmutation h. scintillation counter i. gamma ray j. fusion k. alpha particles l. transuranium elements Chapter 25 Nuclear Chemistry 673