Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agent Decontamination Edited by George Bizzigotti, Richard P. Rhoads, Stephen J. Lee, Jennifer J. Becker, and Bryan M. Smith
Table of Contents List of Acronyms The Editors The Contributors xi xvii xix xxi Dedication Preface xxiii xxv Part I Chapter 1 of Decontamination A Brief History of Chemical and Biological Warfare and their Decontamination 3 K. Smart 3 Decontamination Prior to World War I 3 1.3 Decontamination During World War I 5 Decontamination Between the World Wars Decontamination During World War II 1.6 Decontamination and Nerve Agents 28 1.7 Decontamination and the Environment 41 Decontamination in the Global War on Terror (2000s) 57 1.9 Conclusions 60 60
Handbook of Chemical and Warfare Agent Decontamination Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Part II Introduction to Chemical and Warfare Agents 65 Coughlin and Jennifer J. Becker 2.1 Introduction 65 2.2 Overview of Chemical Warfare Agents 67 2.3 Biological Warfare Agents 72 2.4 Conclusions 76 77 US Department of Defense Decontamination Principles and Requirements 79 Ann Breckenkamp 3.1 of US Military Decontamination Practices 79 3.2 Development of DOD Decontamination Requirements and Program Documentation 3.3 Conclusions 97 98 Decontamination Science Chapter 4 Introduction to Decontamination Science 101 George Bizzigotti 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 102 4.3 be Decontaminated 105 4.4 Point-of-Use Formulation Approaches 107 4.5 Nature of Reaction Products 108 Chapter 5 Hydrolysis of Chemical Warfare Agents George Bizzigotti 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Sulfur Mustard 5.3 Lewisite 5.4 Agents 5.5 VX 119 5.6 Conclusions 121 Appendix: Additional Hydrolysis Data for and VX
Table of Contents VII Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Oxidation of Chemical Warfare Agents in Solution 127 George Bizzigotti and Robert G. Nickol Introduction 6.2 Oxidants 128 6.3 Oxygen-based Oxidants 147 6.4 Conclusions 163 164 Dehydrohalogenation of Chemical Warfare Agents 171 Aaron Skaggs and William Bell 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 Mechanisms of Dehydrohalogenation Reactions 172 7.3 Methods and Materials to Produce Dehydrohalogenation 174 7.4 Conclusions 177 Solid Decontaminants and their Applications 181 Olga B. George W. Wagner, and Landa J. Colvin-Marion 8.1 Introduction 181 8.2 Sorbents (Physical Removal) 181 8.3 Reactive Solids 186 8.4 Conclusions 201 202 Chapter 9 Enzymatic Decontamination 205 George Bizzigotti and Kimberly L. Sciarretta Introduction 205 9.2 Enzymatic Organophosphate Hydrolysis 206 9.3 Thermal Stabilization of Enzymes 215 9.4 Production of Enzymes for Decontamination 216 9.5 Enzyme 220 9.6 Remaining Challenges 223 9.7 Current and Planned Research on Decontamination Enzymes 226 9.8 Conclusions 230 231
Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agent Decontamination Chapter 10 Biological Decontamination 245 Tony Dorothy Canter, and Jeff Kempter 10.1 Introduction 245 Sporicidal Test Methods for Biological Decontaminants 247 10.3 Regulatory Requirements for Biological Decontaminants 259 10.4 2001 Attacks 267 10.5 Conclusions 274 275 Chapter Surfactant and Supramolecular Chemistry and their Applications in Chemical Warfare Agent Decontamination 281 George Bizzigotti Introduction 281 Surfactants in Decontamination History 281 Surfactant Chemistry: The Basics 284 Recent Research on Surfactants Related to Decontamination 289 Supramolecular Chemistry 299 Conclusions 304 305 Chapter 12 Gaseous Decontaminants and their Applications 315 William Bell, and Jonathan Phillips Introduction 315 12.2 Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide 316 Hydrogen Peroxide as a Vapor 12.4 Sensitive Equipment 322 12.5 Hot Air for Interior Decontamination 323 12.6 Test Methods 325 12.7 Safety, Occupational Health, and Regulatory Issues 325 12.8 326 326 Bibliography 328
Table of Contents IX Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Decontamination by Directed Energy Technologies 331 Robert M. Cutler 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Technology 333 13.3 Photo-oxidation Technology 335 13.4 UV Technology 336 13.5 Laser Technology 338 13.6 Microwave Technology 340 13.7 Sonication or Ultrasonic Technology 344 13.8 Technology 345 13.9 Ionizing Radiation 347 Thermal Technology 349 Electronic Plasma Technology Conclusions 356 357 Bibliography 360 Reactive Coatings and their Applications in Decontamination 363 William Bell, Jennifer J. Becker, Wallace and Martin Rogers 14.1 Introduction 363 14.2 Test Methods 366 14.3 Current Coatings 369 14.4 Materials for Reactive Coatings 371 14.5 Photocatalysis 373 14.6 Enzyme-based Systems 374 14.7 Catalytic Systems 374 14.8 Antimicrobial Coatings 376 14.9 Coatings that Indicate the Presence 378 Conclusions 380 380 Bibliography 383
X Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agent Decontamination Part Chapter Development of Future Decontamination Systems Materials Compatibility Testing Methodology 387 Kenneth Heater, William Bell, Brian France, and Angela Theys Introduction 387 15.2 Materials 390 15.3 Test Methods 395 Decontaminant Exposure 410 15.5 Conclusions 413 Chapter 16 Future Revolutionary Concepts for Decontamination 417 Stephen J. Lee and Jennifer J. Becker 421