S:ESS1:11:1.1 9-11 ATMOSPHERE, CLIMATE, AND WEATHER Explain how winds and ocean currents are created on the Earth s surface. 253 large scale movement of air and how it affects weather 254 how differential heating of Earth causes air movements 254 Coriolis effect 254 know the relationship between rotation of Earth and the circular motion of air currents 255 differential heating of Earth results in circulation of air 255 Coriolis effect 255 how air movement affects weather 256 movement of air affects weather 259 distribution of deserts and rain forests because of oceans 263 large scale movement of air causes weather changes 264 movement of air affects weather 265 differential heating of Earth leads to distribution of heat 265 Coriolis effect 269 Coriolis effect 50 modeling convection in Earth's atmosphere 52 exploring sea and land breezes 61 heating land and water 260 global winds and ocean currents 261 exploring salinity and temperature-dependent layering 263 understanding the North Atlantic gyre 264 thermohaline currents 264 differential heating causes circulation of currents Page 1 of 56
269 movement of air affects weather S:ESS1:11:1.2 9-11 ATMOSPHERE, CLIMATE, AND WEATHER Explain how heat and energy transfer in and out of the atmosphere; and provide examples of how it is related to weather and climate. 251 fate of incoming solar radiation 253 weather involves transfer of energy 256 water cycle related to weather 261 fate of incoming solar radiation 265 weather is due to energy transfer 269 water cycle affects weather 270 know weather has to do with energy transfer 61 investigate solar radiation and its effect on heating and cooling of land and water 62 modeling incoming solar radiation 174 modeling the reason for the seasons 176 modeling the intensity of light that falls on Earth 177 comparing axial tilt with distance from energy source 671 relative amount of solar radiation 671 the seasons Page 2 of 56
S:ESS1:11:1.3 9-11 ATMOSPHERE, CLIMATE, AND WEATHER Describe how Earth s atmospheric composition has changed from the formation of the Earth through current time. 246 composition of Earth s atmosphere 249 measuring atmospheric pressure with barometers 250 water vapor as part of the atmosphere 256 water vapor as part of atmosphere 267 water vapor as part of atmosphere 302 describe components of the atmosphere such as oxygen and nitrogen and water vapor 64 use techniques for atmospheric measurement 65 use techniques for atmospheric measurement 228 techniques of atmospheric measurement 265 climate change over time and what it would do to currents Page 3 of 56
S:ESS1:11:1.4 9-11 ATMOSPHERE, CLIMATE, AND WEATHER Explain how Earth s features can affect wind and weather patterns by causing air to rise and increasing precipitation. 250 effect of elevation on climate 255 effect of latitude on climate 256 types of precipitation based on dewpoint 257 different forms of precipitation 257 changes in weather 259 latitudes affect where biomes occur 261 mountains affect climate 263 changes in weather 264 things that affect climate and weather 264 reasons for changes in weather 267 reasons for changes in weather 268 causes of severe weather 269 changes in weather and causes for storms 270 reasons for tornadoes 573 effects of climate based on warm or cold ocean currents 66 describe changes in weather 229 causes for tornadoes 231 hurricanes Page 4 of 56
S:ESS1:11:2.1 9-11 COMPOSITION AND FEATURES Recognize that elements exist in fixed amounts and describe how they move through the solid Earth, oceans, atmosphere, and living things as part of geochemical cycles, such as the water, carbon and nitrogen cycles. 246 nitrogen cycle 257 types of water 267 types of water on Earth 465 rock cycle 566 groundwater 582 rock cycle 598 rock cycle 142 water cycle model 143 water cycle model 248 exploring the rock cycle 249 modeling rock types to study rock cycle 250 geologic transformation scenarios S:ESS1:11:2.2 9-11 COMPOSITION AND FEATURES Describe the conditions that enable the Earth to support life, such as the availability of water, the gravitational force, the electromagnetic field and the intensity of radiation from the Sun. 158 compare Earth with the other planets with respect to supporting life 203 Earth compared with other planets with respect to supporting life 247 comparison of Earth s atmosphere to other planets 252 general history on Earth S:ESS1:11:2.3 9-11 COMPOSITION AND FEATURES Explain the theory of plate tectonics. 466 plate tectonics 130 theory of plate tectonics 252 plate tectonics 253 plate tectonics Page 5 of 56
S:ESS1:11:2.4 9-11 COMPOSITION AND FEATURES Describe the movement of crustal plates and explain how the effects have altered the Earth s features. 466 structures formed at types of plate boundaries 490 structures formed at types of plate boundaries 494 types of formations found at different plate boundaries 518 types of plate boundaries 120 types of features found along plate boundaries 121 three types of plate boundaries and features associated with them 123 structures that form at certain plate boundaries 124 students know the structures that form at plate boundaries 124 types of features at plate boundaries 132 know what forms at different types of plate boundaries 132 students know structures that form at the three different plate boundaries 148 predict evolution of land features resulting from erosion 150 predict results of erosion 151 predict results of erosion 226 mountain building Page 6 of 56
S:ESS1:11:3.1 9-11 FOSSILS AND GEOLOGIC TIME Identify and describe the methods used to measure geologic time, such as fossil identification, radioactive dating, and rock sequences. 69 types of rock and how they are formed 466 how rocks are formed 490 how rocks are formed 116 determining the relative ages of rock formations 117 sequencing events in a geologic cross-section 133 how rocks are formed 146 types of rocks and how they are formed 253 fossils S:ESS1:11:3.2 9-11 FOSSILS AND GEOLOGIC TIME Relate how geologic time is determined using various dating methods (e.g., radioactive decay, rock sequences, fossil records). 69 types of rock and how they are formed 466 how rocks are formed 490 how rocks are formed 116 determining the relative ages of rock formations 117 sequencing events in a geologic cross-section 133 how rocks are formed 146 types of rocks and how they are formed 253 fossils Page 7 of 56
S:ESS1:11:4.1 9-11 OBSERVATION OF THE EARTH FROM SPACE Provided with geologic data (including movement of plates) on a given locale, predict the likelihood for an earth event (e.g. volcanoes mountain ranges, islands, earthquakes, tides, tsunamis). 59 use maps to identify major features such as mountains and rivers 466 structures formed at types of plate boundaries 466 forces like volcanoes and erosion form and shape Earth 490 structures formed at types of plate boundaries 490 forces like volcanoes and erosion form and shape Earth 494 types of formations found at different plate boundaries 506 earthquake scale 518 types of plate boundaries 120 types of features found along plate boundaries 121 three types of plate boundaries and features associated with them 122 students know why earthquakes occur 123 explanation for placement and properties of volcanoes 123 structures that form at certain plate boundaries 124 types of features at plate boundaries 124 students know the structures that form at plate boundaries 125 students know why earthquakes occur 125 students know why earthquakes occur 128 students understand how earthquakes occur 131 students know why and how earthquakes occur and the scales used to measure their intensity 132 know what forms at different types of plate boundaries 132 students know structures that form at the three different plate boundaries Page 8 of 56
132 two types of volcanoes violent and gentle 132 students know that there are two kinds of volcanoes 133 explanation of location of volcanoes 133 types of volcanoes S:ESS1:11:5.1 9-11 PROCESSES AND RATES OF CHANGE Explain that the Earth is composed of interactive layers, which have distinct compositions, physical properties and processes. 473 diagram inner Earth 475 diagram inner structure of Earth 500 diagram inner Earth 501 diagram inner structure of Earth 119 model Earth 120 model inner layers of Earth 522 inner workings of volcano Page 9 of 56
S:ESS1:11:5.2 9-11 PROCESSES AND RATES OF CHANGE Relate plate movement to earthquakes and volcanic activity, and explain how it results in tectonic uplift and mountain building. 67 students know that ocean floor gives evidence for plate tectonics 466 structures formed at types of plate boundaries 466 forces like volcanoes and erosion form and shape Earth 489 plate boundaries 490 structures formed at types of plate boundaries 490 forces like volcanoes and erosion form and shape Earth 494 types of formations found at different plate boundaries 494 sea floor characteristics show evidence of plate tectonics 506 earthquake scale 518 types of plate boundaries 120 types of features found along plate boundaries 121 three types of plate boundaries and features associated with them 122 students know why earthquakes occur 123 explanation for placement and properties of volcanoes 123 structures that form at certain plate boundaries 124 types of features at plate boundaries 124 students know the structures that form at plate boundaries 125 students know why earthquakes occur 125 students know why earthquakes occur 128 students understand how earthquakes occur 131 students know why and how earthquakes occur and the scales used to measure their intensity 132 know what forms at different types of plate boundaries 132 two types of volcanoes violent and gentle Page 10 of 56
132 students know that there are two kinds of volcanoes 132 students know structures that form at the three different plate boundaries 133 explanation of location of volcanoes 133 types of volcanoes 148 predict evolution of land features resulting from erosion 150 predict results of erosion 151 predict results of erosion 226 mountain building S:ESS1:11:5.3 9-11 PROCESSES AND RATES OF CHANGE Identify and describe the major external and internal sources of energy on Earth. 251 fate of incoming solar radiation 253 weather involves transfer of energy 261 fate of incoming solar radiation 61 investigate solar radiation and its effect on heating and cooling of land and water 62 modeling incoming solar radiation 265 weather is due to energy transfer 270 know weather has to do with energy transfer 671 relative amount of solar radiation Page 11 of 56
S:ESS1:11:5.4 9-11 PROCESSES AND RATES OF CHANGE Provide supporting geologic/geographic evidence that supports the validity of the theory of plate tectonics. 466 plate tectonics 130 theory of plate tectonics 252 plate tectonics 253 plate tectonics S:ESS1:11:5.5 9-11 PROCESSES AND RATES OF CHANGE Trace the development of the theory of plate tectonics. 466 plate tectonics 130 theory of plate tectonics 252 plate tectonics 253 plate tectonics S:ESS1:11:5.6 9-11 PROCESSES AND RATES OF CHANGE Explain how internal and external sources of heat (energy) fuel geologic processes (e.g., rock cycle, plate tectonics, sea floor spreading). 67 students know that ocean floor gives evidence for plate tectonics 69 types of rock and how they are formed 465 rock cycle 466 how rocks are formed 489 plate boundaries 133 how rocks are formed 146 types of rocks and how they are formed 248 exploring the rock cycle 249 modeling rock types to study rock cycle 250 geologic transformation scenarios 490 how rocks are formed 494 sea floor characteristics show evidence of plate tectonics 582 rock cycle 598 rock cycle S:ESS1:11:6.1 9-11 ROCK CYCLE Explain that throughout the rock cycle, the total amount of the material remains the same. 465 rock cycle 582 rock cycle 598 rock cycle 248 exploring the rock cycle 249 modeling rock types to study rock cycle 250 geologic transformation scenarios Page 12 of 56
S:ESS1:11:7.1 9-11 WATER Explain that water quality can be affected positively or negatively by outside sources 246 nitrogen cycle 550 acid rain 566 depleting Ogallala aquifer 567 protecting watersheds 96 ocean acidification 240 oil seeps S:ESS2:11:1.1 9-11 EARTH, SUN, AND MOON Explain how the Earth, Moon and Sun were formed. 676 how the moon was formed 726 historical theories of universe 727 theories of universe origin 729 how the solar system was formed Page 13 of 56
S:ESS2:11:2.1 9-11 ENERGY Identify the Earth s major external source of energy as solar energy. 251 fate of incoming solar radiation 254 Coriolis effect 254 know the relationship between rotation of Earth and the circular motion of air currents 254 how differential heating of Earth causes air movements 255 Coriolis effect 255 differential heating of Earth results in circulation of air 261 fate of incoming solar radiation 265 Coriolis effect 265 differential heating of Earth leads to distribution of heat 269 Coriolis effect 375 greenhouse gases and the atmosphere 376 understanding global climate change 671 relative amount of solar radiation 677 greenhouse conditions on Venus 260 global winds and ocean currents 261 exploring salinity and temperature-dependent layering 263 understanding the North Atlantic gyre 264 thermohaline currents 264 differential heating causes circulation of currents Page 14 of 56
S:ESS2:11:2.2 9-11 ENERGY Explain how the inclination of incoming solar radiation can impact the amount of energy Earth receives on any given surface area. 671 relative amount of solar radiation 671 the seasons 174 modeling the reason for the seasons 176 modeling the intensity of light that falls on Earth 177 comparing axial tilt with distance from energy source S:ESS2:11:2.3 9-11 ENERGY Explain how internal and external sources of heat (energy) fuel geologic processes (e.g., rock cycle, plate tectonics, sea floor spreading). 67 students know that ocean floor gives evidence for plate tectonics 69 types of rock and how they are formed 465 rock cycle 466 how rocks are formed 489 plate boundaries 133 how rocks are formed 146 types of rocks and how they are formed 248 exploring the rock cycle 249 modeling rock types to study rock cycle 250 geologic transformation scenarios 490 how rocks are formed 494 sea floor characteristics show evidence of plate tectonics 582 rock cycle 598 rock cycle Page 15 of 56
S:ESS3:11:1.1 9-11 SIZE AND SCALE Recognize electromagnetic waves can be used to locate objects in the universe, and track their movement. 681 how astronomical instruments help us understand the universe 712 history of the telescope 713 types and uses of telescopes 716 spacecraft as tools of astronomy 719 how astronomical instruments helped us learn about the universe 724 astronomical instruments 726 how doppler shift and cosmic background radiation are evidence for Big Bang 727 evidence for Big Bang 728 evidence for Big Bang 731 evidence for Big Bang 192 measuring apparent brightness to calculate the distance to stars and galaxies S:ESS3:11:1.2 9-11 SIZE AND SCALE Define a light year. 709 calculating and using light 277 use of light years years 284 light years 711 light years and time 284 use light years to 718 light years describe distances in the 721 light years universe 724 light years Page 16 of 56
S:ESS3:11:2.1 9-11 STARS AND GALAXIES Identify and describe the characteristics common to most stars in the universe. 695 explain how stars produce energy 695 how stars produce energy 696 brightness of a star 697 general features of the life cycle of stars 697 compare Sun to other stars 698 how stars form and how they produce energy and stars life cycle 698 compare Sun to other stars 699 how stars form and features of life cycle 700 formation of stars 700 compare Sun with other stars 701 life cycle of a star 701 compare Sun with other stars 703 star s life cycle 727 how stars form 728 star life cycle 179 using a spectrometer to identify elements 180 analyzing light from different light sources 181 analyzing light from a star 182 star life cycle and H-R diagram 183 graphing star data 184 groupings on the H-R diagram Page 17 of 56
S:ESS3:11:2.2 9-11 STARS AND GALAXIES Describe the ongoing processes involved in star formation, their life cycles and their destruction. 695 explain how stars produce energy 695 how stars produce energy 696 brightness of a star 697 general features of the life cycle of stars 698 how stars form and how they produce energy and stars life cycle 699 how stars form and features of life cycle 700 formation of stars 701 life cycle of a star 703 star s life cycle 727 how stars form 728 star life cycle 179 using a spectrometer to identify elements 180 analyzing light from different light sources 181 analyzing light from a star 182 star life cycle and H-R diagram 183 graphing star data 184 groupings on the H-R diagram S:ESS3:11:2.3 9-11 STARS AND GALAXIES Explain the relationships between or among the energy produced from nuclear reactions, the origin of elements, and the life cycles of stars. 696 brightness of a star 701 evidence that elements with atomic numbers greater than lithium have been found in stars 728 evidence that elements with atomic number higher than lithium were made in stars Page 18 of 56
S:ESS3:11:3.1 9-11 UNIVERSE Explain that current scientific evidence supports the Big Bang Theory as a probable explanation of the origin of the universe, and describe the theory. 726 how doppler shift and cosmic background radiation are evidence for Big Bang 727 evidence for Big Bang 728 evidence for Big Bang 731 evidence for Big Bang S:ESS3:11:3.2 S:ESS3:11:3.3 9-11 UNIVERSE Explain the evidence that suggests the universe is expanding. 9-11 UNIVERSE Provide scientific evidence that supports or refutes the Big Bang theory of how the universe was formed. 726 how doppler shift and cosmic background radiation are evidence for Big Bang 727 evidence for Big Bang 728 evidence for Big Bang 731 evidence for Big Bang 726 how doppler shift and cosmic background radiation are evidence for Big Bang 726 historical theories of universe 727 evidence for Big Bang 727 theories of universe origin 728 evidence for Big Bang 731 evidence for Big Bang Page 19 of 56
S:ESS3:11:3.4 9-11 UNIVERSE Based on the nature of electromagnetic waves, explain the movement and location of objects in the universe or their composition (e.g., red shift, blue shift, line spectra) 726 how doppler shift and cosmic background radiation are evidence for Big Bang 727 evidence for Big Bang 728 evidence for Big Bang 731 evidence for Big Bang S:ESS3:11:3.5 9-11 UNIVERSE Explain how scientific theories about the structure of the universe have been advanced through the use of sophisticated technology (e.g., space probes and visual, radio and x- ray telescopes) 681 how astronomical instruments help us understand the universe 712 history of the telescope 713 types and uses of telescopes 716 spacecraft as tools of astronomy 719 how astronomical instruments helped us learn about the universe 192 measuring apparent brightness to calculate the distance to stars and galaxies 724 astronomical instruments Page 20 of 56
S:ESS4:11:1.1 9-11 DESIGN TECHNOLOGY Describe ways in which technology has increased our understanding of the universe. 681 how astronomical instruments help us understand the universe 712 history of the telescope 713 types and uses of telescopes 716 spacecraft as tools of astronomy 719 how astronomical instruments helped us learn about the universe 724 astronomical instruments 192 measuring apparent brightness to calculate the distance to stars and galaxies S:ESS4:11:1.2 9-11 DESIGN TECHNOLOGY Understand that technology is designed with a particular function in mind; and principles of science are useful in creating technology for the Earth space sciences. 9 bytes and SI prefixes 45 science and technology 110 relationship between science and technology maglev trains 111 relationship between science and applied technology Page 21 of 56
S:ESS4:11:2.1 9-11 TOOLS Describe the use and benefits of landbased light telescopes, radio telescopes, spectrophotometers, satellites, manned exploration, probes, and robots to the study of. 681 how astronomical instruments help us understand the universe 712 history of the telescope 713 types and uses of telescopes 716 spacecraft as tools of astronomy 719 how astronomical instruments helped us learn about the universe 724 astronomical instruments 192 measuring apparent brightness to calculate the distance to stars and galaxies S:ESS4:11:2.2 9-11 TOOLS Explain how scientists study the Earth using computer-generated models and observations from both landbased sites and satellites; and describe the value of using these tools in unison. 249 measuring atmospheric pressure with barometers 64 use techniques for atmospheric measurement 65 use techniques for atmospheric measurement 228 techniques of atmospheric measurement Page 22 of 56
S:ESS4:11:3.1 9-11 LOCAL AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTA L ISSUES Differentiate between and provide examples of renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy; and explain the advantages and limitations of each. 369 fossil fuels and carbon dioxide emissions 437 evnironmental impact of fossil fuel use 437 classify resources as renewable or nonrenewable 439 research and classify resources as renewable or nonrenewable 441 analyze efficiency of using other resources 241 environmental impact of using different energy sources S:ESS4:11:3.2 9-11 LOCAL AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTA L ISSUES Describe the means for transforming a natural material, such as iron ore, into useful products during different historical periods, such as the Stone Age, Iron Age, Renaissance, the Industrial Period and the current Age of Information. 224 properties of common materials Page 23 of 56
S:ESS4:11:3.3 9-11 LOCAL AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTA L ISSUES Explain how the use of technologies at a local level, such as burning of fossil fuels for transportation or power generation, may contribute to global environmental problems. 369 fossil fuels and carbon dioxide emissions 437 evnironmental impact of fossil fuel use 241 environmental impact of using different energy sources S:PS1:11:1.1 Physical 9-11 COMPOSITION Recognize and describe the structure of an atom and explain how the major components interact with one another. 278 atoms are made up of protons and neutrons and electrons 279 protons neutrons and electrons 280 basic properties of an atom and the three subatomic particles 67 Bohr model 67 understand the structure of an atom based on protons and neutrons and electrons 76 review subatomic particles 282 understand how atomic structure determines the identity of elements atomic number 283 structure of an atom and three smaller particles 284 three subatomic particles and their charge 289 electron shells 291 idea of atomic mass Page 24 of 56
S:PS1:11:1.2 Physical 9-11 COMPOSITION Recognize how elements are arranged in the periodic table; and explain how this arrangement illustrates the repeating patterns among elements with similar properties, such as the relationship between atomic number and atomic mass. 291 recognizing groups or families on the periodic table 291 describe periodic table 292 identify metals and nonmetals on the periodic table 294 describing periodic table 294 recognizing groups and families of periodic table 294 recognizing metals and nonmetals and metalloids 294 common chemical properties of elements based on relation to periodic table 295 explain common chemical properties in relation to placement on periodic table 296 recognizing groups and families and periodic table 296 describe periodic table 298 properties in relation to periodic table 298 describe periodic table 299 chemical properties in relation to periodic table 299 groups on periodic table 303 describe characteristics based on place in periodic table 70 periodic table 71 build and describe periodic table 74 identify metals and nonmetals and metalloids 74 recognizing groups or families 74 periodic table 75 periodic table 77 build model of Na and Cl atoms and explain why they bond to form a molecule Page 25 of 56
310 properties of elements in relation to the periodic table 311 explain the chemical properties of elements in relation to periodic table 312 explain chemical properties based on location in periodic table 316 periodic table and oxidation numbers S:PS1:11:1.3 Physical 9-11 COMPOSITION Explain that neutrons and protons are made up of even smaller constituents. S:PS1:11:1.4 Physical 9-11 COMPOSITION Define isotopes; recognize that most elements have two or more isotopes; and explain that although the number of neutrons has little affect on how the atom interacts with others, they do affect the mass and stability of the nucleus. 283 calculate mass of a specific isotope 293 calculate average atomic mass of an isotope and how average atomic mass is determined 293 explain what isotopes are 355 explain what isotopes are 67 what isotopes are 69 what isotopes are Page 26 of 56
S:PS1:11:1.5 Physical 9-11 COMPOSITION Scientific thought about atoms has changed over time. Using information (narratives or models of atoms) provided, cite evidence that changed our understanding of the atom and the development of atomic theory. 279 history of atomic theory Page 27 of 56
S:PS1:11:1.6 Physical 9-11 COMPOSITION Model and explain the structure of an atom or explain how an atom s electron configuration, particularly the outermost electron(s), determines how that atom can interact with other atoms. 298 how electron interactions create bonds 308 how electrons are involved in bonds 309 how ions are formed 309 how electrons are involved in bonds 310 how electron interactions help create chemical bonds 311 how electrons are involved in bonds 312 how electrons are involved in bonding 313 how electrons are involved in bonding 315 electron transfer and oxidation number 316 chemical bonding and the periodic table 317 explain why ions are formed 322 qualitative understanding of how electron interactions create bonds 548 how ions are formed 76 chemical bonds and electrons 77 modeling chemical bonds and valence electrons 78 determining oxidation numbers Page 28 of 56
S:PS1:11:2.1 Physical 9-11 PROPERTIES Explain that the physical properties of a compound are determined by its molecular structure and the interactions among the molecules. 530 a water molecule is v- shaped 530 water structure and its function as a solvent 545 water as universal solvent 548 water as universal solvent S:PS1:11:2.2 Physical 9-11 PROPERTIES Determine whether an atom is either electrically neutral or an ion by referring to its number of electrons. 278 atoms are made up of protons and neutrons and electrons 283 structure of an atom and three smaller particles 289 electron shells 67 Bohr model 67 understand the structure of an atom based on protons and neutrons and electrons 76 review subatomic particles Page 29 of 56
S:PS1:11:2.3 Physical 9-11 PROPERTIES Explain how the chemical properties of an element are governed by the electron configuration of atoms, and describe how atoms interact with one another by transferring or sharing the outermost electrons. 294 common chemical properties of elements based on relation to periodic table 295 explain common chemical properties in relation to placement on periodic table 298 how electron interactions create bonds 298 properties in relation to periodic table 299 chemical properties in relation to periodic table 303 describe characteristics based on place in periodic table 308 how electrons are involved in bonds 308 difference between covalent and ionic bonds 309 how electrons are involved in bonds 310 properties of elements in relation to the periodic table 310 how electron interactions help create chemical bonds 311 how electrons are involved in bonds 76 chemical bonds and electrons 77 build model of Na and Cl atoms and explain why they bond to form a molecule 77 modeling chemical bonds and valence electrons 78 determining oxidation numbers 80 predict chemical formulas Page 30 of 56
311 explain the chemical properties of elements in relation to periodic table 312 how electrons are involved in bonding 312 explain chemical properties based on location in periodic table 313 how electrons are involved in bonding 316 chemical bonding and the periodic table 316 periodic table and oxidation numbers 317 distinguish between ionic compounds and covalent molecules 318 apply rules for writing formulas of simple chemical compounds 322 qualitative understanding of how electron interactions create bonds 323 rules for writing formulas Page 31 of 56
S:PS1:11:2.4 Physical 9-11 PROPERTIES Explain that radioactive materials are unstable and undergo spontaneous nuclear reactions, which emit particles and/or wavelike radiation. 354 nuclear reactions 355 basic concepts of radioactivity and decay of one atom into another 356 fusion and fission 699 types of nuclear reactions fusion 700 nuclear fusion 703 nuclear fusion 68 radioactivity 69 radioactivity S:PS1:11:2.5 Physical 9-11 PROPERTIES Explain that states of matter rely on the arrangement and motion of molecules; and differentiate between the structures of solids, liquids, and gases. 190 physical differences between phases of matter 190 phases of matter 218 physical differences between states of matter 227 explain matter states based on arrangement of atoms Page 32 of 56
S:PS1:11:2.6 Physical 9-11 PROPERTIES Use physical and chemical properties as determined through an investigation to identify a substance. 216 compare objects using properties mass and density 217 compare objects based on density 222 physical properties of matter 222 chemical properties of matter 224 tensile strength 224 hardness is a physical property of matter 225 malleability is a physical property of matter 236 compare objects using density 237 compare objects based on density 238 compare objects based on density 241 compare objects based on density 303 melting and boiling points 303 classify by chemical and physical properties 53 density of objects 54 finding the density 55 density 56 investigating density 56 compare mass and volume and density 59 apparent density 114 Earth s greenhouse conditions 135 compare materials based on density 220 investigate melting point 225 density 262 density of fluids 263 density of fluids Page 33 of 56
S:PS1:11:2.7 Physical 9-11 PROPERTIES Explain how properties of elements and the location of elements on the periodic table are related. 291 recognizing groups or families on the periodic table 294 recognizing groups and families of periodic table 294 common chemical properties of elements based on relation to periodic table 295 explain common chemical properties in relation to placement on periodic table 296 recognizing groups and families and periodic table 298 properties in relation to periodic table 299 groups on periodic table 299 chemical properties in relation to periodic table 303 describe characteristics based on place in periodic table 310 properties of elements in relation to the periodic table 311 explain the chemical properties of elements in relation to periodic table 312 explain chemical properties based on location in periodic table 74 recognizing groups or families 77 build model of Na and Cl atoms and explain why they bond to form a molecule Page 34 of 56
316 periodic table and oxidation numbers S:PS2:11:1.1 Physical 9-11 CHANGE Recognize and explain that atoms may be bonded together into molecules or formula units (crystalline solids). 298 how electron interactions create bonds 308 how electrons are involved in bonds 309 difference between ionic and covalent bonds 76 chemical bonds and electrons 77 modeling chemical bonds and valence electrons 78 determining oxidation numbers 309 how electrons are involved in bonds 310 how electron interactions help create chemical bonds 311 how electrons are involved in bonds 312 how electrons are involved in bonding 313 how electrons are involved in bonding 316 chemical bonding and the periodic table 322 qualitative understanding of how electron interactions create bonds Page 35 of 56
S:PS2:11:1.2 Physical 9-11 CHANGE Recognize that atoms interact with one another by transferring or sharing electrons that are furthest from the nucleus; and explain that the outer electrons govern the chemical properties of an element. 298 how electron interactions create bonds 308 difference between covalent and ionic bonds 308 how electrons are involved in bonds 309 how ions are formed 309 difference between ionic and covalent bonds 309 how electrons are involved in bonds 310 how electron interactions help create chemical bonds 311 how electrons are involved in bonds 312 how electrons are involved in bonding 313 how electrons are involved in bonding 315 electron transfer and oxidation number 316 chemical bonding and the periodic table 317 explain why ions are formed 317 bonding and electronegativity 317 distinguish between ionic compounds and covalent molecules 322 electronegativity 76 chemical bonds and electrons 77 modeling chemical bonds and valence electrons 78 determining oxidation numbers Page 36 of 56
322 qualitative understanding of how electron interactions create bonds 531 water is a polar molecule 532 hydrogen bonding in water 548 how ions are formed S:PS2:11:1.3 Physical 9-11 CHANGE Explain that compounds are formed through both ionic and covalent bonding. 308 difference between covalent and ionic bonds 317 distinguish between ionic compounds and covalent molecules S:PS2:11:1.4 Physical 9-11 CHANGE Recognize that the rates of chemical reactions can vary greatly; and identify the factors that influence these reaction rates, such as how often the reacting atoms and molecules encounter one another 351 catalysts and inhibitors S:PS2:11:1.5 Physical 9-11 CHANGE Explain relationships between and among electric charges, magnetic fields, electromagnetic forces, and atomic particles. 281 compare and contrast the strong force and the electromagnetic force 384 charged objects and static electricity 420 concept of magnetic field 98 concept of electrical charge 98 concept of electric current 433 electromagnetic induction explained Page 37 of 56
S:PS2:11:2.1 Physical 9-11 CONSERVATION Explain that chemical reactions either release or consume energy. 348 explain how energy is manifested in chemical reactions exothermic and endothermic 349 how energy is manifested in chemical reactions 235 investigating chemical reaction energy and hot packs 236 investigating chemical reaction energy and cold packs 237 identifying energy in a chemical reaction S:PS2:11:2.2 Physical 9-11 CONSERVATION Explain that chemical reactions can be accelerated by catalysts, such as enzymes. 351 reaction rate 351 catalysts and inhibitors S:PS2:11:2.3 Physical 9-11 CONSERVATION Recognize that a large number of important reactions involve the transfer of either electrons or hydrogen ions between reacting ions, molecules, or atoms. 309 understand that elements combine in constant proportions to form compounds 258 create a ph scale S:PS2:11:2.4 Physical 9-11 CONSERVATION Identify the variety of structures that may be formed from the bonding of carbon atoms, and describe their roles in various chemical reactions, including those required for life processes. 329 how special properties of carbon make the great variety of biomolecules 234 explain how special bonding properties of carbon make possible the great variety and complexity of biomolecules Page 38 of 56
S:PS2:11:2.5 Physical 9-11 CONSERVATION Demonstrate how transformations of energy produce some energy in the form of heat and therefore the efficiency of the system is reduced (chemical, biological, and physical systems). 108 friction as a source of energy dissipation 109 friction as a source of energy dissipation 112 friction 157 describe forms of energy from origin-sun to life 533 hydrogen bonding and the gaseous state of water S:PS2:11:3.01 Physical 9-11 ENERGY Explain that all energy can be considered to be either kinetic energy, potential energy, or energy contained by a field. 37 basic forms of energy heat 155 understanding energy 156 forms of energy 157 forms of energy 160 calculating potential energy 39 investigate energy changes with energy car system 42 exploring energy and work in the energy car system 217 compare potential and kinetic energy of car 161 calculating kinetic energy 436 understanding basic forms of energy Page 39 of 56
S:PS2:11:3.02 Physical 9-11 ENERGY Provide examples of how kinetic and potential energy can be transformed from one to the other. 160 calculating potential energy 160 potential energy explained 161 calculating kinetic energy 161 kinetic energy explained 164 law of conservation of energy 39 investigate energy changes with energy car system 42 exploring energy and work in the energy car system 217 compare potential and kinetic energy of car 217 potential and kinetic energy 219 conservation of energy Page 40 of 56
S:PS2:11:3.03 Physical 9-11 ENERGY Describe how the energy associated with individual atoms and molecules can be used to identify the substances they comprise; and explain that each kind of atom or molecule can gain or lose energy 294 common chemical properties of elements based on relation to periodic table 295 explain common chemical properties in relation to placement on periodic table 298 properties in relation to periodic table 299 chemical properties in relation to periodic table 303 describe characteristics based on place in periodic table 310 properties of elements in relation to the periodic table 311 explain the chemical properties of elements in relation to periodic table 312 explain chemical properties based on location in periodic table 316 periodic table and oxidation numbers 77 build model of Na and Cl atoms and explain why they bond to form a molecule Page 41 of 56
S:PS2:11:3.04 Physical 9-11 ENERGY Explain the range of the electromagnetic spectrum as it relates to both wavelength and energy; and provide examples of practical applications of the different wavelengths in the spectrum. 632 speed of light 634 energy and color of light 635 nature of light in terms of waves and energy info flow 636 electromagnetic spectrum 636 properties of electromagnetic waves with different wavelengths 643 explain how colors of light relate to wavelength 180 an element s spectral lines correspond to specific wavelengths of light S:PS2:11:3.05 Physical 9-11 ENERGY Recognize that the human eye can only see a narrow range of wavelengths within the electromagnetic spectrum; and explain how the variations of wavelength within that range of visible light are perceived as differences in color. 285 explain how we see color in terms of reflected or emitted light 632 seeing and reflected light 634 white light is a mixture of colors 636 electromagnetic spectrum 639 how the human eye sees color 640 the RGB color process 641 color as reflected light 162 investigate RGB and CMYK models of color 641 subtractive color process 642 the CMYK color process 643 color seen as reflected light Page 42 of 56
S:PS2:11:3.06 Physical 9-11 ENERGY Describe the relationship between heat and temperature, explaining that heat energy consists of the random motion and vibrations of atoms, molecules, and ions; and that the higher the temperature, the greater the atomic or molecular motion. 186 kinetic theory and temperature 188 absolute zero 200 understanding the difference between heat and temperature 201 the British thermal unit 203 kinetic theory 251 average kinetic energy equals temperature 135 kinetic theory S:PS2:11:3.07 Physical S:PS2:11:3.08 Physical 9-11 ENERGY Explain that waves, such as light, seismic, sound waves, have energy and can transfer energy when they interact with matter. 9-11 ENERGY Explain that nuclear reactions convert a fraction of the mass of interacting particles into energy and release much greater amounts of energy than atomic interactions. 613 waves transmit energy 354 nuclear reactions 356 fusion and fission 699 types of nuclear reactions fusion 700 nuclear fusion 703 nuclear fusion Page 43 of 56
S:PS2:11:3.09 Physical 9-11 ENERGY Describe how electrons flow easily in some materials, such as metals, whereas in insulating materials, such as glass, they can hardly flow at all. 206 heat conduction 207 thermal conductivity 208 natural and forced convection 209 thermal radiation 210 apply knowledge of heat transfer to different situations 50 movement of heat convection 51 convection 51 convection 61 heat transfer through radiation S:PS2:11:3.10 Physical 9-11 ENERGY Using information provided about chemical changes, draw conclusions about the energy flow in a given chemical reaction (e.g., exothermic reactions, endothermic reactions). 348 explain how energy is manifested in chemical reactions exothermic and endothermic 349 how energy is manifested in chemical reactions 235 investigating chemical reaction energy and hot packs 236 investigating chemical reaction energy and cold packs 237 identifying energy in a chemical reaction Page 44 of 56
S:PS3:11:1.1 Physical 9-11 FORCES Explain that magnetic forces are related to the action of electrons and can be thought of as different aspects of a single electromagnetic force; and describe how the interplay of these forces is the basis for electric motors 419 using magnetic forces 420 concept of magnetic field 425 what is an electromagnet? 427 increased current vs. strength of magnetic field 427 building an electromagnet 431 how an electric motor works 432 dissecting an electric motor 433 electromagnetic induction explained 434 how a generator works 98 concept of electric current 107 investigate relationship between magnetism and electricity using electromagnets S:PS3:11:1.2 Physical 9-11 FORCES Recognize that the strength of the electric force between two charged objects is proportional to the charges and, as with gravitation, is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 278 Coulomb s law 284 Coulomb s law Page 45 of 56
S:PS3:11:1.3 Physical 9-11 FORCES Recognize that the strength of the gravitational force between two masses is proportional to the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 661 Newton s universal law of gravitation S:PS3:11:1.4 Physical 9-11 FORCES Compare the strength of nuclear, electromagnetic and gravitational forces; and explain that the strength of nuclear forces account for the great amounts of energy released from the nuclear reactions 281 compare and contrast the strong force and the electromagnetic force 354 nuclear reactions Page 46 of 56
S:PS3:11:1.5 Physical 9-11 FORCES Recognize that electromagnetic forces exist within and between atoms. 298 how electron interactions create bonds 308 how electrons are involved in bonds 309 how electrons are involved in bonds 310 how electron interactions help create chemical bonds 311 how electrons are involved in bonds 312 how electrons are involved in bonding 313 how electrons are involved in bonding 316 chemical bonding and the periodic table 322 qualitative understanding of how electron interactions create bonds 384 charged objects and static electricity 420 concept of magnetic field 76 chemical bonds and electrons 77 modeling chemical bonds and valence electrons 78 determining oxidation numbers 98 concept of electrical charge 98 concept of electric current Page 47 of 56
S:PS3:11:1.6 Physical 9-11 FORCES Recognize that different kinds of materials respond to electric forces in various ways; and differentiate between insulators, semiconductors, conductors and superconductors. 398 conductors and insulators 398 semiconductors 99 electrical conductivity of various materials S:PS3:11:1.7 Physical 9-11 FORCES Describe the difference between materials that contain equal proportions of positive and negative charges and those that have a very small excess or deficit of negative charges. 384 charged objects and static electricity 98 concept of electrical charge Page 48 of 56
S:PS3:11:1.8 Physical 9-11 FORCES Given information (e.g., graphs, data, diagrams), use the relationships between or among force, mass, velocity, momentum, and acceleration to predict and explain the motion of objects. 84 speed vs. time graph 85 speed vs. time graph 85 calculations for speed 89 speed vs. time graph 93 Newton s second law 98 understand force as an action with potential to change motion 117 quantitative understanding of force changing motion 126 conceptual understanding of a force as the action with the potential to change motion 129 force is an action with potential to change motion 131 Newton s second law 132 Newton s second law qualitative 132 Newton s second law qualitative 132 Newton s second law qualitative 137 Newton s third law action and reaction 138 Newton s third law qualitative 140 Newton s second law qualitative 143 Newton s third law 25 position vs time graph 26 speed vs time graph 33 second law of motion 33 qualitative understanding of F = ma 36 qualitative understanding of Newton s third law 37 Newton s third law action and reaction 37 Newton s second law 216 Newton s third law action and reaction 216 Newton s second law Page 49 of 56
159 understanding of force as the ability to change motion Page 50 of 56
S:PS3:11:2.1 Physical 9-11 MOTION Interpret and apply the laws of motion to determine the effects of forces on the motion of objects. 93 Newton s second law 98 understand force as an action with potential to change motion 117 quantitative understanding of force changing motion 126 conceptual understanding of a force as the action with the potential to change motion 129 force is an action with potential to change motion 131 Newton s second law 132 Newton s second law qualitative 132 Newton s second law qualitative 132 Newton s second law qualitative 137 Newton s third law action and reaction 138 Newton s third law qualitative 140 Newton s second law qualitative 142 Newton s laws in terms of real situations sports and cars 143 Newton s third law 33 second law of motion 33 qualitative understanding of F = ma 36 qualitative understanding of Newton s third law 37 Newton s third law action and reaction 37 Newton s second law 216 Newton s third law action and reaction 216 Newton s second law Page 51 of 56
159 understanding of force as the ability to change motion S:PS3:11:2.2 Physical 9-11 MOTION Recognize that apparent changes in wavelength can provide information about changes in motion; explain that the observed wavelength of a wave depends upon the relative motion of the source 626 Doppler effect 725 the Doppler effect 228 Doppler effect 229 Doppler effect Page 52 of 56
S:PS3:11:2.3 Physical 9-11 MOTION Apply the concepts of inertia, motion, and momentum to predict and explain situations involving forces and motion, including stationary objects and collisions. 53 vectors 54 vectors 78 vectors 78 vectors and velocity 81 changes in motion can be represented graphically 83 changes in motion can be shown graphically 84 changes in motion can be represented graphically 85 calculations for speed 87 quantitative understanding of acceleration as a rate of change of velocity 93 Newton s second law 98 forces needed to change motion 109 changes in motion require application of force 116 change in motion require force 126 changes in motion require force 127 change in motion requires force 131 Newton s second law 132 Newton s second law qualitative 132 Newton s second law qualitative 14 vectors 33 qualitative understanding of F = ma 36 qualitative understanding of Newton s third law 37 Newton s third law action and reaction 37 Newton s second law 216 Newton s third law action and reaction 216 Newton s second law Page 53 of 56
132 Newton s second law qualitative 137 Newton s third law action and reaction 138 Newton s third law qualitative 143 Newton s third law S:PS3:11:2.4 Physical 9-11 MOTION Explain the effects on wavelength and frequency as electromagnetic waves interact with matter (e.g., light diffraction, blue sky). 633 light is produced by atoms 635 what makes light 640 the RGB color process 641 subtractive color process 642 the CMYK color process 647 refraction of light 162 investigate RGB and CMYK models of color 167 study refraction in a prism 167 study reflection in a prism 647 reflection of light 648 reflection explained S:PS4:11:1.1 Physical 9-11 DESIGN TECHNOLOGY Recognize that the basic principles of energy, work and power are related to design technology. 152 calculating work 159 calculating work done on objects 159 energy is stored work 170 maximum power output of a person 170 calculating power 40 investigating work done on energy car 41 calculate work done on car 282 calculate the power output of a photovoltaic cell Page 54 of 56
S:PS4:11:2.1 Physical 9-11 TOOLS Identify tools, such as thermostats and thermal sensors, and explain their use in environmental control systems. 184 converting between Fahrenheit and Celsius 184 measuring temperature 188 Kelvin and Celsius scales 201 heat and work 201 the British thermal unit 202 specific heat explained 203 specific heat 251 change in temperature is evidence of energy transfer 49 concept of specific heat 61 investigations that develop idea of specific heat 223 investigate specific heat 224 specific heat S:PS4:11:3.1 Physical S:PS4:11:3.2 Physical 9-11 (LOCAL AND GLOBAL) ENERGY, POWER, AND TRANSPORTATIO N MANUFACTURIN G 9-11 (LOCAL AND GLOBAL) ENERGY, POWER, AND TRANSPORTATIO N MANUFACTURIN G Explain that power systems have a source of energy, a process, loads, and some have a feedback system. Demonstrate and explain how an engine converts chemical energy in the form of fuel, into mechanical energy in the form of motion. 149 simple machines and forces 436 conversion of energy from one form to another 441 analyze efficiency of using other resources Page 55 of 56
S:PS4:11:3.3 Physical 9-11 (LOCAL AND GLOBAL) ENERGY, POWER, AND TRANSPORTATIO N MANUFACTURIN G Calculate the efficiency of an engine, and explain why a perfectly efficient engine is impossible. 108 friction as a source of energy dissipation 109 friction as a source of energy dissipation 112 friction 168 efficiency explained 217 energy exchange and efficiency 218 energy conservation and efficiency Page 56 of 56