Advanced Algorithms for Geographic Information Systems CPSC 695
Think about Geography What is Geography The 3 W s of Geography What is where Why is it there Why do I care
Data - Data - Data We all got data Location Data How Many What Kind Where Scale of Data Local to Global Data Presentation Words, Charts, Graphs, Tables, or Maps Exploring data using GIS turns data into information into knowledge
Geographic Information Systems A Definition of GIS GIS is a System of computer software, hardware and data, and personnel to help manipulate, analyze and present information that is tied to a spatial location spatial location usually a geographic location information visualization of analysis of data system linking software, hardware, data personnel a thinking explorer who is key to the power of GIS
What is Not GIS? GPS Global Positioning System A static map paper or digital Maps are often a product of a GIS A way to visualize the analysis A software package
GIS History About 15,500 years ago: On the walls of caves near Lascaux, France, Cro-Magnon hunters drew pictures of the animals they hunted. Associated with the animal drawings are track lines and tallies thought to depict migration routes. In 1854: John Snow depicted a cholera outbreak in London using points to represent the locations of some individual cases, possibly the earliest use of the geographic method.
GIS History In 1962: Dr. Roger Tomlinson developed the world's first true operational GIS in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada by the federal Department of Forestry and Rural Development. It was called the "Canada Geographic Information System" (CGIS) and was used to store, analyze, and manipulate data collected for the Canada Land Inventory (CLI) an initiative to determine the land capability for rural Canada by mapping information about soils, agriculture, recreation, wildlife, waterfowl, forestry, and land use at a scale of 1:50,000. A rating classification factor was also added to permit analysis.
GIS History In 1964: Howard T Fisher formed the Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis at the Harvard Graduate School of Design (LCGSA 1965-1991), where a number of important theoretical concepts in spatial data handling were developed. Early 1980s: M&S Computing (later Intergraph), Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) and CARIS (Computer Aided Resource Information System) emerged as commercial vendors of GIS software.
Spatial Data Estimates are that 80% of all data has a spatial component Data from most sciences can be analyzed spatially
What is GIS? A method to visualize, manipulate, analyze, and display spatial data Smart Maps linking a database to the map
Database Not Easy to Interpret
Visualization Worth a Thousand Words
Two Ways to Input and Visualize Data The World in GIS Raster Grid pixels a location and value Satellite images and aerial photos are already in this format Real world Vector Linear Points, lines & polygons Features (house, lake, etc.) Attributes size, type, length, etc.
Combining Data From Many Sources
Data for GIS Applications Digitized and Scanned Maps purchased, donated, free (Internet) created by user Data Bases Tables of data GPS Global Positioning System accurate locations Field Sampling of Attributes Remote Sensing & Aerial Photography
Five Data Layers Alike Features Rivers Capitals Roads States Lakes
Turning Data Into Information Spatial Analysis not just a map
Asking a Question Interaction
Maps and Database are Interactive
Multiple Databases can be Linked and Related
Some Ways GIS is Used Emergency Services Fire & Police Environmental Monitoring & Modeling Business Site Location, Delivery Systems Industry Transportation, Communication, Mining, Pipelines, Healthcare Government Local, State, Federal, Military Education Research, Teaching Tool, Administration Wherever Spatial Data Analysis is Needed
Network Solutions
Ecosystem Management
3D Mine with Well Data
Environmental Monitoring Toxic Plume
Combining Various Display Methods
Oil Spill and Contamination
Site Location and Client Distance
Modeling of Future Trends
Clusters and Comparison of Data
Loma Linda Hospital Facilities
Types of GIS Classic GIS Applied GIS Emerging GIS
Classic GIS Databases Data representation Querying Spatial statistic analysis Visualization Conclusions/predictions
Applied GIS Maps Path planning Terrain visualization Medical GIS Educational GIS
Emerging GIS Sensor networks Distributed GIS Google maps Hand-held GIS Web-based GIS
GIS on the Internet Olympics http://citymap.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/ National Geographic Map Machine http://www.nationalgeographic.com/maps.index.html Find a Home http://www.realtor.com ATM Locator http://www.visa.com Store Locator http://www.godiva.com GIS Info http://www.gis.com
GIS Professionals You might be a GIS Professional If - you hear the words SPATIAL and ENTERPRISE and do not think of Star Trek - your idea of curling up with a good book is with a Rand McNally Street Atlas - you are the only person that realizes the term 'GIS system' contains a redundancy - FGDC metadata does not put you to sleep - you find yourself critiquing Mapquest maps - you notice inconsistent signage on streets - you can navigate a southbound trip without turning the map upside down
GIS Professionals - you are not amazed that a dispatcher knows where your cell phone call is coming from - when told to turn 'East' you know which way to go - you can give directions without mentioning McDonalds or Starbucks - you laugh at the folks climbing Mt. Elbert (highest point in Colorado - over 14,000 feet) who say "we're almost there, the GPS says it's just few hundred feet away" - you find errors on the AAA travel atlas and try to get a refund Adapted from ewolf at www.gisnuts.com
Questions?