SLAC Experimental Advisory Committee --- September 12 th, 1997 II) Experimental Design Theory and simulations Great promise of significant scientific and technological achievements! How to realize this promise? Design of experiment: A) Beam system B) Plasma system C) Diagnostic system Overview! Many more details in proposal.
Schematic Layout of Experiment Beam system -- Plasma system -- Diagnostic system Ionization Laser Laser Pulses Streak Camera e- Beam Plasma Chamber Bending Magnets IP-2 Box Wire Scanner Foil IP-1 Collimator BPM Collimator Transition Radiator Collimator Screen Profile Monitor BPM 11 m 35 m Beam Dump
PWFA experimental location E-144 setup replaced by plasma chamber (IP-1) Permanent magnets bend beam Diagnostics (dispersion) Laser entry (IP-2)
A) Beam system Use the SLC high current beam in the FFTB: (parasitic to PEP-2, as now PEP-2/SLC) Source Damping rings Linac FFTB Dump Bunch intensity (e-) 3.5-4.0 10 10 Bunch length 0.6 mm Beam energy 30-45 GeV Beam rate 10 Hz X emittance > 60 mm-mrad Y emittance > 15 mm-mrad Radiation safety and beam dump transport OK.
Longitudinal bunch shape: Intensity [%] 20 15 10 5 0-4 -3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 z [mm] Measured data R. Holtzapple SLAC-487 Gaussian fit: σ z = 0.6 mm Measured bunch distribution used for proposal! Beam current: Population [10 10 e-] 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Time [days] FF current SLC run 96 Target currents routinely achieved No serious emittance/background constraints!
Beam transport to plasma chamber: Energy spread: σ E /E = 1 % (for 30 GeV BNS; 45 GeV performance is 0.15 %) With γε x = 60 mm-mrad γε y = 15 mm-mrad we expect at IP-2: X Beam Size [mm] 3 2 1 0 0 100 200 300 S [m] IP1 IP2 Y Beam Size [mm] 8 6 IP1 IP2 4 2 0 0 100 200 300 S [m] Round beam (~ 40 µm times ~ 40 µm) Beam jitter: 50 % of beam size 20 µm Beam system performance uncritical!
30 GeV beam issues: a) Dumpline: Re-adjust permanent dumpline magnets to 30 GeV. Discharge two magnets. b) BNS: RF has twofold purpose: 1) Energy gain. 2) Control of energy spread (BNS). Structures stay, but wakefield compensation in the last third of the linac is not possible! Solution for 1% final energy spread was found with RF phases of 30/-45.5 degrees. Energy [GeV] 31 30.5 30 29.5 29 28.5 E Q 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Charge [pc] -3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 Z [mm]
B) Plasma system Requirements: (design by C. Joshi et al, UCLA) Length = 1-1.5 m Density = 10 14-10 15 cm -3 Density variation < 25% / m Minimize impact ionization electron beam scattering Singly ionized Lithium plasma (E i = 5.9 ev) m-long lithium vapors have been produced in heat pipes for atomic physics and spectroscopy experiments Required vapor pressure: 10-30 mtorr Lithium must be heated to 550-600 o C.
Schematic layout Seal Lithium vapor with Helium buffer gas: Lithium can only exist as high pressure vapor in heated region. Pressure balance requires that Helium moves into colder region. Lithium is completely sealed: Heater Insulation Li vapor pressure Lithium 0 1.5 Wicks z [m] Boundary layers ~ 10 cm Lithium vapor is homogeneous and adjustable in pressure and length.
Ionization laser Frequency quintupled Nd:yag laser: Repition frequency Wavelength Energy Pulse length 10 Hz 1 µm (hν = 5.9 ev) 500 mj ~ ns Electron-ion equilibration time: ~ µs Cold plasma: Transverse expansion can be neglected. Relatively simple, stand-alone laser system. Timing is non-critical.
C) Diagnostic system Requirements: Diagnose energy change E(z) along the bunch. Distinguish transverse and longitudinal phase space. Simulation (1ps slices): E [MeV] 1000 600 200-3 σ z Head 0 +3 σ z e - Energy spread Energy gain -200-2.4-1.2 0.0 1.2 2.4 z [mm] Energy loss Time-resolved measurement with ~ 1 ps time resolution and good sensitivity. Streak camera in dispersive region
Streak camera Interference filter Photocathode Screen CCD camera x Light z Photoelectrons Convert z (= time) into x position. Final picture: y Obtain: z (=x) Q(z) y(z) σ y (z) or x(z) or σ x (z) SLAC streak camera (SLC experience): Intrinsic resolution: 0.9 ps Chromatic resol.: 0.5 ps Total resolution: 1.0 ps (= 0.33 mm) Charge resolution: < 10 8 e -
Y Dispersion [cm] X Dispersion [cm] Dispersive location Dispersion η y = Energy sensitivity of trajectory y y = ηy E E η y known measure y(z) (plasma on/off) E(z) Use natural dump line vertical dispersion: 10 5 0-5 80 60 40 20 0 100 200 300 S [m] Measurement resolution (dispersive change vs. divergence blowup) constant after IP-2. 0 0 100 200 300 S [m] IP-2: y = 330 µm for E = 100 MeV Horizontal plane: No change expected if no transverse plasma effects
Transverse plasma effects β-functions at IP-2: β of plasma channel: 1.1/1.7 m (x/y) < 0.13 m Large β mismatch! Beam size [µm] 40 20 0-20 -40 (6000 T/m) 0 1.0 z plasma [m] No focusing downstream Beam blows up with beam divergence + dispersion (y) Minimize divergence at plasma exit! Phase advance is adjusted to be multiple of 2π for bulk of bunch. Plasma transparent for transverse beam dynamics!
IP-2 measurement Beam size of 1 ps slice vs. plasma density (K) n 0 [cm -3 ] Beam Size IP2 [µm] 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 2e+14 4e+14 6e+14 8e+14 1e+15 1.2e+15 X Y 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1 mm K [T/mm] Minimal divergence Beam size ~ 0.5 mm OK X and Y behave the same transversely: X-plane (no dispersion) Y-plane (dispersion) Study and understand transverse plasma effects Transverse + longitudinal effects Important redundancy!
Other diagnostics Beam: Laser: Plasma: Up- and downstream BPM s Upstream wire scanner Screen profile monitor Up- and downstream alignment fluorescer Longitudinal density profile measurement (laser) Beam to laser alignment: Requirement: ~ 100 µm at up- and downstream alignment points. Plasma diagnostics: Longitudinal density profile measurement. Without beam: Calibrate plasma density/length versus gas/heating parameters.
Summary Experimental issues were studied in detail: A) Beam system: Linac beam performance non-critical at 30/45 GeV, assuming well-established SLC experience. B) Plasma system: Conservative plasma source design developed. Prototypes built and being tested. Large expertise at UCLA. C) Diagnostic system: Consistent strategy for measuring transverse and longit. plasma wakes in detail. Important redundancy. Confident to measure plasma-wakefield acceleration of 1 GeV/m! (3 times 3 weeks beam time)