Slide 1 / 57 1 Describe the setup of Stanley Miller s experiment and the results. What was the significance of his results?
Slide 2 / 57 2 Explain how dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis are related.
Slide 3 / 57 3 Compare and contrast the early Earth vs. Earth today, be specific about the environment and conditions that existed.
Slide 4 / 57 4 What is the significance of a protobiont and how were they formed?
Slide 5 / 57 5 Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain carbon. a. Describe the properties of a carbon atom that make it ideally suited to produce varied carbon skeletons.
Slide 6 / 57 Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain carbon. b. Identify the four major biological monomers that carbon is able to form and corresponding polymers if any.
Slide 7 / 57 6 There are seven classes of proteins that all serve different functions, and surprisingly all proteins are made of only 20 amino acids. a. Describe and distinguish between the four structural levels of proteins
Slide 8 / 57 There are seven classes of proteins that all serve different functions, and surprisingly all proteins are made of only 20 amino acids. b. Describe the effects that an increase in temperature would have on a protein.
Slide 9 / 57 7 Although all four classes of biological molecules are composed of carbon, each class has its own specific properties. a. Describe a simple experiment that would allow you to distinguish if a simple white substance was a lipid or a carbohydrate.
Slide 10 / 57 Although all four classes of biological molecules are composed of carbon, each class has its own specific properties. b. Describe a simple experiment that would allow you to determine if a warm beaker of yellow liquid is a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid.
Slide 11 / 57 8 Osmosis is a form of passive transport that occurs across all membranes. a. Draw and label a diagram of a cell in each of the following solutions: hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. Be sure to identify where the solute concentrations are higher/lower and the direction of the water movement.
Slide 12 / 57 Osmosis is a form of passive transport that occurs across all membranes. b. Explain the consequences of having too much water enter the cell or leave the cell.
Slide 13 / 57 9 Enzymes serve as biological catalysts and are found in all living things. a. Draw and label the catalytic cycle.
Slide 14 / 57 Enzymes serve as biological catalysts and are found in all living things. b. Describe how an enzyme acts as a catalyst. Identify two environmental factors that can affect the ability of an enzyme to catalyze reactions.
Slide 15 / 57 10 DNA replication is essential for the ability of cells to replicate while still containing all of the necessary genetic information. 5 ACGTAGATTACG 3 a. For the parent strand of DNA above, write the daughter strand that DNA replication would create and indicate the direction of synthesis.
Slide 16 / 57 DNA replication is essential for the ability of cells to replicate while still containing all of the necessary genetic information. b. What enzyme is responsible for bringing nucleotides to the growing strand?
Slide 17 / 57 DNA replication is essential for the ability of cells to replicate while still containing all of the necessary genetic information. c. Why is DNA replication known as a semi-conservative process?
Slide 18 / 57 11 Transcription and translation are the main processes of the Central Dogma of biology. a. List and briefly explain the steps of transcription.
Slide 19 / 57 Transcription and translation are the main processes of the Central Dogma of biology. b. Identify the end product of transcription.
Slide 20 / 57 Transcription and translation are the main processes of the Central Dogma of biology. c. List and briefly explain the steps of translation.
Slide 21 / 57 Transcription and translation are the main processes of the Central Dogma of biology. d. Identify the end product of translation.
Slide 22 / 57 12 DNA and RNA are both important nucleic acids responsible for the storage and transfer of genetic information. a. Identify three differences between the structure of DNA and RNA.
Slide 23 / 57 DNA and RNA are both important nucleic acids responsible for the storage and transfer of genetic information. b. Compare and contrast DNA replication and transcription.
Slide 24 / 57 13 Gibbs free energy is a defining factor in whether or not a reaction will occur spontaneously. a. Explain the relationship between G and the spontaneity of a reaction.
Slide 25 / 57 Gibbs free energy is a defining factor in whether or not a reaction will occur spontaneously. b. Explain why living organisms need to couple reactions.
Slide 26 / 57 14 ATP is the currency of energy in living things. a. Explain the process of formation of ATP from ADP.
Slide 27 / 57 ATP is the currency of energy in living things. b. Explain how ATP is used to provide energy for other reactions in the cell.
Slide 28 / 57 15 Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that occurs in all cells. a. Identify whether this process is catabolic or anabolic. Explain why.
Slide 29 / 57 Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that occurs in all cells. b. Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. Provide at least 3 differences and 3 similarities.
Slide 30 / 57 Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that occurs in all cells. c. Is fermentation an aerobic or anaerobic process?
Slide 31 / 57 Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that occurs in all cells. d. Identify the two types of fermentation and the products of each.
Slide 32 / 57 16 Aerobic cellular respiration occurs when oxygen is present and has a higher yield of ATP. a. List the four stages of aerobic cellular respiration.
Slide 33 / 57 Aerobic cellular respiration occurs when oxygen is present and has a higher yield of ATP. b. Describe how the 6-carbon molecule of glucose is broken down in the first three stages of aerobic respiration.
Slide 34 / 57 Aerobic cellular respiration occurs when oxygen is present and has a higher yield of ATP. c. Identify the molecule that acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. What product is formed through the electron transport chain?
Slide 35 / 57 Aerobic cellular respiration occurs when oxygen is present and has a higher yield of ATP. d. Describe how the electron transport chain powers the reaction that occurs in oxidative phosphorylation.
Slide 36 / 57 17 Global climate change is a hot topic among scientists and politicians. a. Describe the carbon cycle using the term carbon fixing.
Slide 37 / 57 Global climate change is a hot topic among scientists and politicians. b. Identify one green house gas and explain how it helps to maintain Earth s temperature.
Slide 38 / 57 Global climate change is a hot topic among scientists and politicians. c. Identify the source of fossil fuels.
Slide 39 / 57 Global climate change is a hot topic among scientists and politicians. d. Describe how the burning of fossil fuels is affecting Earth s average temperature.
Slide 40 / 57 18 Photosynthesis is a process that helps convert and provide the energy necessary for the survival of many food webs. a. Describe how solar energy is converted to chemical energy through the light reactions.
Slide 41 / 57 Photosynthesis is a process that helps convert and provide the energy necessary for the survival of many food webs. b. How many turns of the Calvin Cycle are necessary to produce one glucose molecule?
Slide 42 / 57 Photosynthesis is a process that helps convert and provide the energy necessary for the survival of many food webs. c. The Calvin Cycle is sometimes referred to as the Dark reactions, is this accurate? Explain.
Slide 43 / 57 Photosynthesis is a process that helps convert and provide the energy necessary for the survival of many food webs. d. Describe why the first stage of photosynthesis needs to occur in a membrane bound structure.
Slide 44 / 57 19 Viruses are small, non-living particles that can infect other organisms. a. Identify the name for viruses that can infect bacteria.
Slide 45 / 57 Viruses are small, non-living particles that can infect other organisms. b. Provide three pieces of evidence to support the conclusion that viruses are non-living.
Slide 46 / 57 Viruses are small, non-living particles that can infect other organisms. c. Describe how viruses are able to spread through a colony of bacteria without the production of phages.
Slide 47 / 57 Viruses are small, non-living particles that can infect other organisms. d. Describe the lytic cycle of a virus.
Slide 48 / 57 20 Protobionts were precursors to life and prokaryotes were the first living organisms. a. Identify and describe the function of three important organelles in bacteria.
Slide 49 / 57 Protobionts were precursors to life and prokaryotes were the first living organisms. b. Explain the structural difference between a gram positive and a gramnegative bacteria cell.
Slide 50 / 57 Protobionts were precursors to life and prokaryotes were the first living organisms. c. Through the process of gram staining, describe the expected results for a gram-positive bacteria cell and a gram-negative bacteria cell.
Slide 51 / 57 Protobionts were precursors to life and prokaryotes were the first living organisms. d. Explain how the discovery of gram staining impacted the medicinal world.
Slide 52 / 57 21 A major distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the presence of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes. a. Describe the structure and function of two eukaryotic organelles other than the nucleus.
Slide 53 / 57 A major distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the presence of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes. b. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have some non-membrane bound organelles in common. Describe the function of DNA and discuss how it differs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Slide 54 / 57 A major distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the presence of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes. c. Explain the endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic cells and discuss and example of evidence supporting this theory.
Slide 55 / 57 22 Membranes are essential components of all cells. a. Identify three macromolecules that are components of a eukaryotic cell membrane and discuss the structure and function of each.
Slide 56 / 57 Membranes are essential components of all cells. b. Explain how membranes participate in the chemiosmotic production of ATP.
Slide 57 / 57 Membranes are essential components of all cells. c. Explain how membranes participate in intracellular signaling.