GIScience: Current Technology Michael F. Goodchild University of California Santa Barbara
What is a GIS? A class of software designed to handle geographic information and perform virtually any conceivable operation concept dates from 1965 first commercial software 1980 Geographic information? information that links a location to properties present at that location <x,z(x)> where x is a location in space-time
and how do I get one? ESRI, Redlands CA Environmental Systems Research Institute close to $1 billion annual revenue, 4,000 employees campus site license de facto standard GRASS supported by an enthusiastic scientific community Open-source software
Google Earth Geo-browsers Microsoft Virtual Earth NASA Worldwinds Google Maps Easy to use visualization at global to local scales virtually no analysis a powerful way of presenting results readily integrated with GIS output kml, kmz files
Is there anyone at my university who uses GIS and can help me get started? A host department geography civil engineering environmental science A campus service computing library a GIS center a GIS committee
What data types are used? Raster with numeric or alphanumeric values in cells but note problems of laying a raster over a curved surface Vector geo-browser solutions points, lines, areas, volumes with attributes in linked table points, polylines, polygons, polyhedra
Lat/long Coordinate systems but note issues for analysis Universal Transverse Mercator State Plane Coordinates Interoperable ArcGIS and county data the most female county
Higher-level structures Surfaces as irregular or irregular point samples as triangular mesh as isolines Networks as collections of links and nodes with connectivity Irregular tesselations reporting zones areas of uniform class
Data sources Warehouses, digital libraries, geo-portals searchable download Live data on-line services WMS servers Web Mapping Service standard of the Open Geospatial Consortium Web Coverage Service Web Feature Service IMS servers ESRI
Search tools Metadata standard geographic coverage, scale, theme, time Federal Geographic Data Committee ISO Data quality positional accuracy attribute accuracy completeness logical consistency lineage
Knowing where to look The skill of the spatially aware professional Geographic coverage Geospatial One-Stop www.geodata.gov Discipline LTER network Collection-level metadata
GOS coverage, 1/06
Software extensions ESRI extensions Tracking Analyst Agent Analyst Geostatistical Analyst Third-party extensions ESRI script library Data models for application domains ArcHydro flows
Address Agriculture Archiving Atmospheric Basemap Biodiversity Census-Administrative Boundaries Defense-Intel Energy Utilities Energy Utilities - MultiSpeak TM Environmental Regulated Facilities Forestry Geology Groundwater Health Historic Preservation and Archaeology Hydro International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) S-57 for ENC Land Parcels Local Government Marine Petroleum Pipeline Raster Telecommunications Transportation Water Utilities
0..1 * * 0..2 0..1 Generic Flow Model
Some URLs www.geog.ucsb.edu to faculty/goodchild links to all of my courses, notes, labs http://www.wiley.com/legacy/wileychi/longley/ basic textbook www.spatialanalysisonline.com new online textbook on more sophisticated analysis www.ucgis.org University Consortium for Geographic Information Science www.esri.com
Where is it? Geography Earth Science Environmental Science and Management Anthropology Religious Studies Marine Science Institute
Courses Geography 176A, B, C
1. Google Earth image 2. 1843 map of London from David Rumsey collection 3. Pump and death locations from my own web site
Source: Mason et al., Atlas of Cancer Mortality for U.S. Counties, NCI, 1975
Pacific Rim Trade - LA/LB ports 2002 = 10 million TEU containers 2003 = 11.8 million TEU containers 2004 = 13 million TEU containers 2005 = 14,194,442 TEU containers 2006 = 15.33 - estimated 8% growth Destination estimates? 50% Intermodal train (21% on-dock rail from ship) 50% Local distribution warehouses for local consumption and outbound distribution On-dock rail containers move from ship to train instead of being trucked to the rail ramps 23% In Los Angeles 27% in Long Beach Combined 1.5 million containers in 2005! This reduces the dwell time on dock and the amount of gate and yard transactions for the marine terminal further reducing yard congestion
L002: Port terminals
L002: LA Basin, 4 months
Simulations 1.8 vehicles per driveway Driver behavior influenced by: lane width slope view distances traffic control mechanisms information feedback driver aggressiveness 770 homes clearing times > 30 minutes 2D clip 3D clip
www.wikimapia.org
www.wikimapia.org
www.flickr.com
www.openstreetmap.org
www.openstreetmap.org
Where does your computer think it is? www.wikimapia.org
Dynamic geographic information Live feed to desktop, laptop, mobile phone integrated with other map data www.aircoach.ie
The GIScience research issues Representation time, 3D Standards interoperability Analysis, modeling violation of random sampling, independence assumptions Social issues privacy engaging the general public Uncertainty Modifiable Areal Unit Problem The nature of geographic data median house value and percent black by state