to Biological Physics for the Health and Life Sciences Kirsten Franklin Paul Muir Terry Scott Lara Wilcocks Paul Yates Staff at the University of Otago, New Zealand i )WILEY A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
6.2 6. 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 Linear Momentum Newton's Laws and Momentum Collisions Elastic Collisions 56 58 60 61 CONTENTS I Mechanics CHAPTER 1 1.1 1.2 1. 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 CHAPTER 2 2.1 2.2 2. 2.4 2.5 2.6 CHAPTER.1.2..4.5.6.7 CHAPTER 4 4.1 4.2 4. 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Kinematics Distance and Displacement Speed and Velocity Acceleration Average Velocity or Speed The Acceleration Due to Gravity Independence of Motion in 2D The Concept of Force Kinds of Force Newtonian Gravity Force and Newton's Li Motion In a Circle Description of Circular Motion Circular Velocity and Acceleration Centripetal Force Sources of Centripetal Force Statics Equilibrium Torque The Principle of Moments Centre of Gravity/Centre of Mass Stability 1 4 6 7 9 12 1 20 2 24 25 28 29 29 0 1 4 4 5 8 8 40 CHAPTER 7 7.1 7.2 7. 7.4 7.5 7.6 CHAPTER 8 8.1 8.2 8. 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.1 CHAPTER 9 9.1 9.2 9. 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 Simple Harmonic Motion Hooke's Law Simple Harmonic Motion The Simple Pendulum Waves SHM and Waves Frequency, Wavelength and Speed The Form of the Wave Types of Wave Superposition and Interference Beats Reflection Standing Waves Waves and Energy Complex Waveforms Sound and Hearing Sound Waves in Media Pitch and Loudness Resonance and Sound Generation The Ear The Doppler Effect II Bulk Materials CHAPTER 10 10.1 10.2 10. 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 CHAPTER 11 Elasticity: Stress and Strain Tension and Compression Shear Stress and Strain Bulk Stress and Strain Elasticity Pressure 6 6 6 64 70 71 72 7 7 7 74 74 75 76 76 77 78 78 79 80 82 8 8 8 86 88 91 94 96 98 99 104 105 106 108 109 CHAPTER 5 5.1 5.2 5. 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 CHAPTER 6 Energy What is Energy? Work Kinetic Energy Potential Energy Conservative Forces Conservation of Total Energy Power 6.1 Momentum 42 44 46 46 47 51 5 11.1 11.2 11. 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 CHAPTER 12 12.1 12.2 12. 12.4 Pressure Density Pascal's Principle Measurement of Pressure Pressure and the Human Body Buoyancy The Buoyant Force 112 11 116 121 121 12 129 10
CHAPTER 1 Surface Tension and Capillarity 11 CHAPTER 21 Heat Transfer 1.1 1.2 Surface Tension 1. Capillarity 1.4 Surfactants and the Lung 1.5 1.6 CHAPTER 14 Fluid Dynamics of Non-viscous Fluids 14.1 14.2 Definitions of Some Key Terms 14. The Equation of Continuity 14.4 Bernoulli's Equation 14.5 14.6 CHAPTER.1.2 Viscosity. Turbulence.4.5 CHAPTER 16 Fluid Dynamics of Viscous Fluids Molecular Transport Phenomena 16.1 16.2 Diffusion 16. Osmosis 16.4 Applications to Biological Systems 16.5 16.6 III Thermodynamics CHAPTER 17 Temperature and the Zeroth Law 17.1 17.2 Thermal Equilibrium 17. Measuring Temperature 17.4 Thermal Expansion of Materials 17.5 17.6 CHAPTER 18 Ideal Gases 18.1 18.2 The Gas Laws 18. Biological Applications 18.4 Kinetic Theory of Gases 18.5 18.6 CHAPTER 19 19.1 19.2 Phase Changes 19. Temperature Changes 19.4 Energy Conservation 19.5 L and с Values for Water 19.6 19.7 CHAPTER 20 Phase and Temperature Change Water Vapour and the Atmosphere 20.1 20.2 Mixtures of Water Vapour and Air 20. Partial Pressure, Moisture Content 20.4 Atmospheric Properties 20.5 Psychrometry 20.6 Applications 20.7 20.8 11 11 14 16 17 18 19 19 19 19 1 145 146 149 0 1 4 1 6 7 9 lei 161 161 162 165 169 170 176 177 180 182 18 18 18 187 188 191 192 194 196 197 198 20 204 206 21.1 21.2 Conduction 21. Convection 21.4 Radiation 21.5 Combined Transfer Processes 21.6 21.7 CHAPTER 22 22.1 22.2 The First Law 22. Energy and the Body 22.4 Thermoregulation 22.5 Temperature and Health 22.6 22.7 Thermodynamics and the Body IV Electricity and DC Circuits CHAPTER 2 Static Electricity 2.1 2.2 Charge 2. Conductors and Insulators 2.4 Charging of Objects 2.5 Polarisation 2.6 2.7 CHAPTER 24 Electric Force and Electric Field 24.1 24.2 Coulomb's Law 24. Superposition of Electric Forces 24.4 Inverse Square Laws 24.5 The Electric Field 24.6 Electric Field Diagrams 24.7 Superposition of Electric Fields 24.8 24.9 CHAPTER 25 Electrical Potential and Energy 25.1 25.2 Electrical Potential Energy 25. Electrical Potential 25.4 Electrical Potential and Work 25.5 Equipotential and Field Lines 25.6 Electrical and External Forces 25.7 The Heart and ECG 25.8 25.9 CHAPTER 26 Capacitance 26.1 26.2 The Capacitor 26. Energy Stored in a Capacitor 26.4 Capacitors in Series and Parallel 26.5 The Dielectric in a Capacitor 26.6 26.7 CHAPTER Direct Currents and DC Circuits.1.2 Electric Current. Current Flow and Drift Velocity.4 Direct Versus Alternating Current.5 Circuits and Circuit Diagrams.6 Power Sources.7 Resistance and Ohm's Law 209 210 212 214 216 220 222 22 224 225 2 2 2 229 229 20 21 2 25 25 25 26 28 29 29 2 2 242 24 24 24 244 245 247 248 251 252 254 259 260 262 264 265 268 269 0 0 0
.8 Resistors and Resistivity.9 Wires.10 Kirchhoff's Laws.11 Resistors in Series and Parallel.12 Power Dissipation.1 Alternate Energy Units.14 Electric Shock Hazards. Electricity in Cells.16.17 CHAPTER 28 Time Behaviour о: 1 2 4 6 7 7 8 280 282 28 VI Radiation and Health CHAPTER Atoms and Atomic Physics.1.2 Parts of the Atom. Orbitals and Energy Levels.4 The Bohr Model of the Atom.5 Multielectron Atoms.6 Quantum Mechanics.7.8 49 51 51 51 52 5 57 58 59 60 28.1 28.2 28. 28.4 28.5 28.6 V Optics The RC Circuit Discharging RC Circuit Charging RC Circuit 28 28 284 285 288 289 291 CHAPTER 4 4.1 4.2 Nuclei and Isotopes 4. Energy and Mass Units 4.4 Nuclear Forces 4.5 Nuclear Decay and Stability 4.6 4.7 The Nucleus and Nuclear Physics 61 61 61 62 64 65 69 70 CHAPTER 29 The Nature of Light 29.1 29.2 Electromagnetic Waves 29. Reflection 29.4 Refraction 29.5 Dispersion 29.6 29.7 29 29 29 295 296 298 01 02 CHAPTER 5 5.1 5.2 Nuclear Decay Processes 5. Activity and Half-Life 5.4 X-ray Production 5.5 Other Sources of Radiation 5.6 5.7 Production of Ionising Radiation 71 71 71 74 77 80 81 8 CHAPTER 0 0.1 0.2 Ray Diagrams 0. Plane Mirrors 0.4 Spherical Mirrors 0.5 Magnification 0.6 Lenses 0.7 0.8 CHAPTER 1 Geometric Optics The Eye and Vision 1.1 1.2 The Parts of the Eye 1. Emmetropia (Normal Vision) 1.4 Myopia 1.5 Hypermetropia (or Hyperopia) 1.6 Presbyopia 1.7 Astigmatism 1.8 Alternative Structure & Placement 1.9 Colour Vision 1.10 1.11 CHAPTER 2 2.1 2.2 2. 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Wave Optics Superposition and Interference Huygens' Principle Diffraction Young's Doubje-Slit Experiment Single-Slit Diffraction Diffraction Gratings CircularApertures and Diffraction Visual Acuity 2.10 Thin-Film Interference 2.11 2.12 05 05 05 06 07 11 12 18 20 21 21 21 2 25 28 29 0 1 4 5 5 5 6 7 8 9 4 4 44 45 46 47 CHAPTER 6 Interactions of Ionising Radiation 6.1 6.2 Attenuation and Cross Section 6. X-rays and Gamma Radiation 6.4 Particles 6.5 Detection of Ionising Radiation 6.6 CHAPTER 7 7.1 7.2 Mechanisms of Cell Damage 7. Dose and Dose Equivalent 7.4 Types of Effect 7.5 Medical Effects and Risk 7.6 Ultraviolet Radiation 7.7 7.8 CHAPTER 8 Biological Effects of Ionising Radiation Medical Imaging 8.1 8.2 X-ray Imaging 8. CT Scan 8.4 PET scan 8.5 Gamma Camera and SPECT 8.6 Diagnostic Procedures: Dose 8.7 Ultrasound Sonography 8.8 CHAPTER 9 Magnetism and MRI 9.1 9.2 Magnetism 9. A Brief Outline of MRI 9.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 9.6 9.7 85 85 85 86 89 90 91 9 9 9 94 97 98 98 99 400 401 401 402 40 40 406 407 407 408 2 9 4 429
VII Appendices CHAPTER В Basic Maths and Science Skills 45 CHAPTER A Physical Constants 4 A.l High Precision Mass Values 4 A.2 Useful Constants 4 B.l Measurement and Units 45 B.2 Basic Algebra. 49 B. Exponentials and Logarithms 4 B.4 Geometry 44 B.5 Trigonometric Functions 44 B.6 Vectors 445