BIOL10002 Practical = 10 marks Pre-prac test (1 mark) Practical (5 marks) Pst-prac test (4 marks) Labur Day (7 th March) is nt a hliday
Mnday, 29 February 2016 Lecture 1 1 ST FOUNDATION OF BIOLOGY Evlutin and Natural Selectin Ontgeny recapitulates Phylgeny Develpment is a fast actin replay f evlutinary ancestry Hmlgy derived frm a cmmn ancestral feature, e.g. frearm structure in varius mammals and amphibians Bigegraphy als supprts evlutin Darwin s 3 bservatins (Survival f the fittest): Individuals in a ppulatin vary (fitness) Pass n traits (fitness) t ffspring (heredity) Never enugh resurces (cmpetitin fr survival and reprductin) Evlutin is a tw-step prcess: Variability Ordering that variability by Natural Selectin 2 ND FOUNDATION OF BIOLOGY Unity f bichemical prcesses DNA all rganisms use this material t encde their blueprint DNA cntains the histry f evlutin Prteins hardware t carry ut instructins 3 RD FOUNDATION OF BIOLOGY Cell thery All living things are made f cells Every cell arse frm a pre-existing cell The cell is the fundamental unit Cells cntain DNA which is passed frm cell t cell DOMAINS There are three dmains: Eukarya Archaea (mre related t Eukarya than Bacteria is) Bacteria CELL Prkarytes (n nucleus) Eukarytes /Eukarya (nucleus) Bacteria Archaea
Wednesday, 2 March 2016 Lecture 2 Prkarytes Prkarytes are micrscpic They are used in fd prductin (fermented fds) DNA is cntained within a single, circular chrmsme (nucleid) attached t the plasma membrane Typical prkarytic cell: DNA, cytplasm, cell wall (peptidglycan), plasma membrane, ribsmes, pilus (hair-like structures), capsule, bacterial flagellum (tail) Ribsmes: ccur in all cells cmpsed f prteins and RNAs synthesise prteins site f translatin Prkarytic ribsmes are smaller (17-23nm) Eukarytic ribsmes are larger (25-30nm) sensitive t antibitics Prkarytic flagellum: mtility appendage, cmpsed f flagellin prtein, extracellular, lng thin filament, spins/rtates at 200rpm Prkarytes divide via binary fissin and grw expnentially Their circular chrmsme is duplicated during binary fissin Bacteria and Archaea are tw different dmains due t different DNA sequences BACTERIA Micrbime in gut (abut 2kg) Mre than 50% f xygen n earth is generated by phtsynthetic bacteria Bacteria prcess abut 70% nitrgen Bacteria als cause disease by clnising ur bdies and using up resurces N prteins (histnes) are attached t DNA Wall (peptidglycan) similar in Bacteria and Archaea Gram + bacteria cntains peptidglycan and ne surrunding membrane (stains purple; thicker walls) Gram bacteria cntains peptidglycan and tw surrunding membranes (des nt stain; thinner walls)
ARCHAEA Archaea d nt cause any diseases Prteins (histnes) are attached t DNA Wall (peptidglycan) similar in Bacteria and Archaea Prkarytes Micrscpic, can nly be seen with an electrn micrscpe Lack a nucleus Eukarytes Can be large and multicellular, smetime can be seen by the naked eye Have a nucleus, duble membrane/nuclear envelpe, nuclear pres, cntains nuclelus where ribsmal genes are transcribed Divisin f labur in the cytplasm Endmembrane system (system f membranes inside cell) Endplasmic Reticulum, Glgi cmplex Cytskeletn (micrtubules, micrfilaments, intermediate filaments) Mtr prteins and mvement Histnes Single, circular chrmsme Lng linear strand f DNA cvered in histnes (chrmatin) Different rganisms have different numbers f chrmsmes Transcriptin: DNA RNA t be translated in cytplasm **Suffix in is a prtein
Lecture 3 - Eukarytes Friday, 4 March 2016 NUCLEUS Nuclear envelpe surrunds the nucleus and prjects all thrughut the rest f the cell t frm the rugh Endplasmic Reticulum The uter side f the nuclear envelpe had ribsmes attached t it Cntains nuclear pres Lined with prteins Attached t lamina (nuclear skeletn) Evenly spaced ver nuclear envelpe Used t traffic prteins and RNAs int and ut f nucleus Lcated at site where inner membrane curls arund t becme uter membrane ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) The ER is the heart f the endmembrane system Cntains internal cmpartments and channels, as a result f cisternae (bubbles) If ribsmes attached then called rugh, r else smth Used fr the manufacture and transprt f prteins t the surface f the cell (rugh ER) Used t make mre membrane fr the cell (smth ER) Majr functins f intracellular membranes:
Prvide a surface fr bichemical reactins T establish a number f cmpartments t prevent mixing T prvide a means f transprt f materials within the cell, frm ne cell t its exterir, r frm the cell t an adjacent cell GOLGI COMPLEX Cnsists f flattened stacks f membrane (cisternae) called Glgi bdies Glgi cmplex is a cllective term fr all the Glgi bdies Functinal extensins f ER Used t cllect, mdify, package and distribute mlecules synthesised in the cell Manufactures plysaccharides fr cells, by attaching them t either prtein r lipid mlecules (becme identity /recgnitin mlecules n the surface f the cell) Has three znes cis, medial and trans (where is cis is clsest t ER and trans furthest) CYTOSKELETON Nt cmpsed f membrane Allws cells t change shape and shift rganelles arund Structural elements within the cell Three majr kinds: Actin filaments made f actin prtein and gelslin (7nm) Micrtubules made f tubulin prtein; cylindrical (25nm diameter) Intermediate filaments made f vimentin prtein (10nm diameter) Interact with mtr element fr mvement Actin filaments interact with mysin mtrs (muscle cntractin, cytplasmic streaming, micrvilli)
Micrtubules interact with kinesin (mves ne micrtubule against anther drives flagella beating) r dynein (mves vesicles alng the micrtubule) mtrs Intermediate filaments dn t interact with any mtrs Flagellum Eukarytic flagella beat instead f rtating Cnsists f micrtubules and dynein mtrs Whip-like mvement ccurs when adjacent micrtubules slide against ne anther, anchred by dynein mtrs Cytskeletal parts are being used t build nanmachines