Second Edition Fundamentals of Optics Devraj Singh
Fundamentals of Optics SECOND EDITION DEVRAJ SINGH Assistant Professor and Head Department of Applied Physics Amity School of Engineering and Technology Bijwasan, New Delhi Delhi-110092 2015
FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICS, Second Edition Devraj Singh 2015 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN-978-81-203-5146-2 The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Second Printing (Second Edition) August, 2015 Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Syndicate Binders, A-20, Hosiery Complex, Noida, Phase-II Extension, Noida-201305 (N.C.R. Delhi).
;Ue.Mya nhfirdja fo kkya jruizhka rhozeukfn :iea nkfjnz; nq%[k {k;dkj.ka p iqukrq eka rrlforqozjs.;e~aa &Jh vkfnr; ân; Lrks=e~ yksd 142 The source of light sparkling like a gem, who is eternal and destroyer of poverty; and replica of the Sun, we pray to Him to make us purified.
Contents Preface...xv Acknowledgements...xvii Part I GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 1. Fermat s Principle...3 15 1.1 Introduction...4 1.2 Optical Path...4 1.3 Fermat s Principle of Extreme Path...5 1.4 Laws of Reflection by Fermat s Principle...6 1.4.1 First Law...6 1.4.2 Second Law...7 1.5 Laws of Refraction by Fermat s Principle...8 1.5.1 First Law...8 1.5.2 Second Law...8 1.6 Case of Maximum Path or Extremum Time...10 Formulae at a Glance...11 Solved Numerical Problems...11 Conceptual Questions...13 Exercises...13 Theoretical Questions...13 Numerical Problems...14 Multiple Choice Questions...15 v
vi Contents 2. Geometrical Optics...16 42 2.1 Introduction...17 2.2 Lenses: Thin and Thick Lenses...17 2.3 Lens Equation...17 2.4 Lens Maker s Formula...19 2.4.1 Lens Maker s Formula for a Double Convex Lens...20 2.4.2 Lens Maker s Formula for a Double Concave Lens...22 2.5 Cardinal Points of a Coaxially Optical System...23 2.5.1 Principal Points...23 2.5.2 Focal Points...24 2.5.3 Nodal Points...25 2.6 Combination of Two Thin Lenses (Equivalent Lenses): Coaxial Lens System...26 2.7 Matrix Method in Paraxial Optical System...30 2.7.1 Translation Matrix...30 2.7.2 The Refraction Matrix...31 2.7.3 The Reflection Matrix...32 Formulae at a Glance...33 Solved Numerical Problems...35 Conceptual Questions...38 Exercises...39 Theoretical Questions...39 Numerical Problems...40 Multiple Choice Questions...41 3. Dispersion of Light...43 67 3.1 Introduction...44 3.1.1 Newton s Classic Experiment on Dispersion of White Light...44 3.1.2 Cause of Dispersion (Cauchy s Relation)...45 3.2 Angular Dispersion and Dispersive Power...45 3.3 Combination of Prisms...47 3.3.1 Deviation without Dispersion...47 3.3.2 Dispersion without Deviation...49 3.4 Direct Vision Spectroscope...51 3.5 Rainbow...51 3.5.1 Primary Rainbow...52 3.5.2 Secondary Rainbow...56 3.6 Sundogs and Halos...57 Formulae at a Glance...59 Solved Numerical Problems...60 Conceptual Questions...62
Contents vii Exercises...63 Theoretical Questions...63 Numerical Problems...64 Multiple Choice Questions...65 4. Lens Aberrations... 68 103 4.1 Introduction...69 4.2 Types of Aberrations...69 4.2.1 Chromatic Aberration...69 4.2.2 Monochromatic Aberration...69 4.3 Types of Monochromatic Aberration and their Reduction...70 4.3.1 Spherical Aberration...70 4.3.2 Coma...75 4.3.3 Astigmatism...77 4.3.4 Curvature of Field...78 4.3.5 Distortion...80 4.4 Chromatic Aberration...81 4.4.1 Types of Chromatic Aberration...82 4.4.2 Achromatism of Lenses...85 4.5 Aplanatism and Aplanatic Points...90 4.5.1 Aplanatic Points for a Spherical Refracting Surface...91 4.5.2 Oil-immersion Objective of High Power Microscope...92 Formulae at a Glance...93 Solved Numerical Problems...95 Conceptual Questions...99 Exercises...100 Theoretical Questions...100 Numerical Problems...101 Multiple Choice Questions...102 5. Optical Instruments... 104 142 5.1 Introduction...105 5.2 Microscopes...105 5.2.1 Simple Microscope...106 5.2.2 Compound Microscope...108 5.3 Telescopes...112 5.3.1 Astronomical Telescope...112 5.3.2 Terrestrial Telescope...115 5.3.3 Reflecting Telescopes...116 5.4 Eyepieces or Oculars...117 5.4.1 Huygen s Eyepiece...119
viii Contents 5.4.2 Ramsden s Eyepiece...122 5.4.3 Relative Merits and Demerits of Huygen s and Ramsden s Eyepieces...125 5.4.4 Gauss Eyepiece...125 5.5 Spectrometer...126 5.5.1 Measurement of Refractive Index by a Spectrometer...128 5.6 Electron Microscope...129 Formulae at a Glance...131 Solved Numerical Problems...133 Conceptual Questions...137 Exercises...138 Theoretical Questions...138 Numerical Problems...139 Multiple Choice Questions...140 Part II VIBRATIONS AND WAVES 6. Fundamentals of Vibrations... 145 196 6.1 Introduction...146 6.2 Simple Harmonic Motion and Harmonic Oscillator...147 6.3 Energy of Harmonic Oscillator...150 6.4 Average Values of Kinetic and Potential Energy...151 6.5 Example of Harmonic Oscillator: Simple Pendulum...152 6.6 Damping Force /Damping Motion...155 6.7 Damped Harmonic Oscillator...157 6.8 Power Dissipation in Damped Harmonic Oscillator...162 6.9 Quality Factor (Q) of Damped Harmonic Oscillator...163 6.10 Forced Harmonic Oscillator...163 6.11 Resonance...166 6.12 Amplitude Resonance...167 6.13 Sharpness of Resonance...169 6.14 Half Width of Resonance Curve...169 6.15 Velocity Resonance...170 6.16 Power Absorption of Forced Harmonic Oscillator...171 6.17 Quality Factor (Q) of Forced Harmonic Oscillator...173 Formulae at a Glance...175 Solved Numerical Problems...179 Conceptual Questions...184 Exercises...186 Theoretical Questions...186 Numerical Problems...187 Multiple Choice Questions...191
Contents ix 7. Wave Motion...197 236 7.1 Introduction...198 7.2 What Propagates in Wave Motion?...198 7.3 Characteristics of Wave Motion...198 7.4 Types of Wave Motion...199 7.4.1 Transverse Wave Motion...199 7.4.2 Longitudinal Wave Motion...200 7.5 Important Definitions...201 7.6 Differential Equation of Wave Motion...202 7.7 Plane Progressive Wave in Fluid Media...207 7.7.1 Wave Equation of Propagation of Sound Waves in Fluid Media...208 7.8 Pressure Variation in Longitudinal Wave (Acoustic Pressure)...211 7.8.1 Relation between y and ( P)...212 7.9 Energy of Plane Progressive Wave...212 7.9.1 Intensity...214 7.10 Reflection and Transmission of Transverse Waves in a String...215 7.11 Reflection and Transmission of Longitudinal Waves at Discontinuity...217 7.12 Superposition of Progressive Waves: Stationary Wave...219 7.12.1 Analytical Treatment of Stationary Waves and their Properties...219 7.12.2 Energy of Stationary Waves...221 7.12.3 Characteristics of Stationary Wave...223 7.13 Comparison between Progressive Waves and Stationary Waves...224 Formulae at a Glance...225 Solved Numerical Problems...228 Conceptual Questions...231 Exercises...232 Theoretical Problems...232 Numerical Problems...233 Multiple Choice Questions...234 Part III PHYSICAL OPTICS 8. Interference of Light Waves... 239 354 8.1 Introduction...240 8.2 Wavefront and Rays...240 8.2.1 Wavefront...240 8.2.2 Ray of Light...242 8.3 Huygen s Principle of Secondary Wavelets...243 8.4 Principle of Superposition of Light Waves...244
Fundamentals Of Optics 25% OFF Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 9788120351462 Author : SINGH, DEVRAJ Type the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/7739 Get this ebook