An Undergraduate Ion Beam Analysis Laboratory Graham F. Peaslee Paul A. DeYoung May 5, 2009
Outline Motivation Hope College Approach RNB studies Ion Beam Analysis Laboratory Representative science: Lake sediment chemistry Metalloprotein biochemistry Luminescence & forensic geology Conclusions
The Need for Change in the US? Traditional Undergraduate Approach: Lectures (and labs) This approach is limited/threatened by: (a) (b) (c) Changing demographics Changing student interests Years since discovery
There hasn t been a sputnik recently SOURCE: AIP Statistical Research
International Perspective? Same observations for the traditional undergraduate educational approach Lectures (and labs) New instrumentation and connectivity allow new collaborative approaches Interdisciplinary and non-proliferative
Where is Hope? ~3200 undergraduates Holland, MI
The Hope College Nuclear Group The integration of research and education Publication driven, NSF funded An interdisciplinary expansion 70 undergraduates / 16 years
Our Research Model (#1) Heavy Ion Reactions Radioactive Nuclear Beams Off-site experiments at MSU & Notre Dame Equipment building at Hope Data analysis at Hope Small to medium-sized collaborations Multi-year projects
Our Research Model (#1) Heavy Ion Reactions Radioactive Nuclear Beams Off-site experiments at MSU & Notre Dame Equipment building at Hope Data analysis at Hope Small to medium-sized collaborations Multi-year projects
Our Research Model (#1) Heavy Ion Reactions Radioactive Nuclear Beams Off-site experiments at MSU & Notre Dame Equipment building at Hope Data analysis at Hope Small to medium-sized collaborations Multi-year projects
Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 152502 (2008) Nucl. Phys. A801 101 (2008) Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 112501 (2007) Symmetry Vol. 4 Issue 6 Aug. 2007 "Undergraduates as Researchers", The Chronicle Review, Vol. 53, Issue 33, (April 20, 2007).
Our Research Model (#2) Ion Beam Analysis On-site experiments (HIBAL) Sample preparation at Hope Data analysis at Hope Small collaborations Single and multi-year projects Very interdisciplinary PIXE, RBS, PESA, IBIL
Ion Beam Analysis Techniques: Particle Induced X-Ray X Emission (PIXE) Rutherford Backscattering (RBS) Proton Elastic Scattering Analysis (PESA) Ion Beam Induced Luminescence (IBIL)
Hope College Ion Beam Analysis Lab HIBAL
Standard Alphatross Ion Source Rb charge exchange: H - or He - H + or He + available
Pelletron Tank: +1.7MV N 2 stripping gas Extra lead shielding option <2mR/hr
HE Focusing & Analyzing Full energy: 3.4 MeV H + 5.1 MeV He 2+
Endstations & Microprobe 5-axis goniometer, CCD camera, sample vacuum interlock, separate control console
Control Consoles Linux AccelNET Windows RC43 Windows CAMAC/ FPGA DAQ control
Trace Metal Analysis of Sediment...
Metals via ICP
Sample prep: 1. dry sediment 2. press into selfsupporting target Metals via PIXE
Radiodating Lake Cores Convert core depth to year
Sediment Chemistry Anthropogenic
ICP vs. PIXE White Lake Sediment Core Quantitative, reproducible, non-destructive Faster by a factor of ~3! Concentration by Depth As Measured by ICP (ppm) 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 Chromium ICP and PIXE Results for White Lake Core 3 y = 0.7972x + 83.282 R 2 = 0.9813 300.0 500.0 700.0 900.0 1100.0 1300.0 Concentration by Depth As Measured by PIXE (ppm) Manganese ICP and PIXE Results for White Lake Core 3 J. M. Lunderberg et al. NIM B266 (2008) 4782-4787 Concentration of Mn (ppm) via ICP 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 y = 3.2085x - 1561.4 R 2 = 0.929 0 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 Concentration of Mn (ppm) via PIXE
Gel Thickness Determination Proton Elastic Scattering Analysis (PESA) E is directly proportional to x SIMNRA allows us to relate energy loss to atoms/cm 2 J.Warner, L.Ellsworth, M.Rycenga, L.Kiessel Myoglobin
SIMNRA Analysis PESA Analysis 3,000 Energy [kev] 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2,800 2,600 2,400 2,200 2,000 1,800 Counts 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 Channel 340 360 380 400 420 440 SIMNRA by Matej Mayer http://www.rzg.mpg.de/~mam/index.html
PIXE Blank Polyacrylamide Gel Analysis 10000 1000 Counts 100 10 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 X-ray Energy (kev) Cyctachrome c 399µg Myoglobin J. D. Warner et al. NIM B (2009) submitted Counts 10000 1000 100 10 1 S Fe 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 X-ray Energy (kev)
CL System for Forensic Geology 26 mm ~ 1
Soil Analysis 1 mm Lanesboro, MA - 10 Yona, Guam - 29 Juarez, MX - 49 Hilo, HI - 66
Ion Beam Induced Luminescence
Another Example: Feldspars CL peaks of known origin, mostly Mn 2+ Fe 3+ Lattice defects? Mn 2+ Fe 3+ PeakFit 4.0
Similar Spectra: Feldspar IBIL Peak blue-shift observed
Conclusions It is not only possible to integrate research and education it attracts students New instrumentation and connectivity allow new collaborative approaches Undergraduates can contribute Interdisciplinary and non-proliferative
Acknowledgements NSF MRI 0319523 & RUI 0651627 Dave Daugherty, Ken Brown, Ed Hansen, Brian Bodenbender (Hope College) Graham Bench (LLNL), Rick Rediske (GVSU), Tom Guarr (Gentex), Bryce Bergethon (Huron Technology), JoAnn Buscaglia, Bob Koons(FBI) Recent Students: Andy Huisman, Lee Kiessel, Jill Pinter, Natalie Hoogeveen, Matt Rycenga, Josh Warner, Pat Mears, Richard Sampson, Derek Padilla, Erica Beck, Mark Lunderberg, Rachel Driscoll, Dyanne Cooper, Dale Purcell