SOX: short baseline neutrino oscillations with Borexino Ma0hieu Vivier, on behalf the Borexino/SOX collaborahon www.cea.fr www.cea.fr Ma0hieu Vivier - TAUP 015 - Torino TAUP 015 - Torino PAGE 1
_ ( ) TesHng ν e disappearance anomalies (_ ) Two short baseline anomalies in ν e disappearance mode, each at the 3σ level: o Gallium anomalies: calibration of the radiochemical solar experiments Gallex and SAGE with 51 Cr & 37 Ar ν e sources, <L> 0.5 m [C. Giunti et al. (0)] _ o Short baseline reactor ν e experiments, <L> O(0 m) [G. Mention et al. (011)] rate deficits only Kopp, Machado, Maltoni & Schwetz (013) Rate deficits can be explained by the addition of 1 sterile neutrino state Combined fits using a (3+1) model point toward: o Δm new 0.1-5 ev o sin θ new 0.1 Corresponds to meter scaled oscillation lengths for MeV ν (_ ) e A decisive test requires observation of oscillation patterns: oscillometry concept see J. Link s plenary talk this morning for further details and discussions Ma0hieu Vivier - TAUP 015 - Torino
The Borexino detector at LNGS Ultra low background neutrino detector Various physics program: solar ν [see G. Testera s talk] geo ν [see A. Ianni s talk] Neutrino oscillation Water volume: Muon veto & radioactivity shielding 1400 m 3800 m.w.e Stainless steel sphere: Equipped with 00 PMTs Buffer volumes: PC +DMP (scintillation light quencher) Shielding against external gamma-rays Detection volume: Pseudocumene + PPO R=4.5 m M = 70 t Stainless steel water tank: Equipped with 08 PMTs Stainless steel plates Ma0hieu Vivier - TAUP 015 - Torino 3
The SOX experiment Deployment of an intense (anti)neutrino source in a pit underneath the detector Ce source deployment Borexino detector at hall C T-shaped pit Rail and trolley system for source deployment Ma0hieu Vivier - TAUP 015 - Torino 4
The SOX experiment Deployment of an intense (anti)neutrino source in a pit underneath the detector Two-phase experiment: 1. CeSOX: Ce- _ Pr ν e generator: o β - emitter: ν e up to 3 MeV o Ce T 1/ = 85 days o Extracted from spent nuclear fuel o Detection via IBD: threshold of 1.8 MeV time coincidence between e + & n o _ background free Activity: 0 kci ( 3.7 15 Bq) Ce Pr IBD 85 d Ce ß- < 318 kev Pr ß- < 301 kev 1 % 17 mn ß- < 996 kev 97.9 % ß- < 913 kev 1 % γ 185 kev 0.7 % Nd 696 kev. CrSOX: 51 Cr ν e generator: o EC source, monoenergetic ν e : 753 KeV (90%) & 433 kev (%) o T 1/ = 7.7 days o Produced by neutron irradiation of (stable) 50 Cr o Detection via e - scattering o Backgrounds: Po, Bi and solar ν e o Activity: Mci Mostly CeSOX latest developments will be covered in the next slides. Ma0hieu Vivier - TAUP 015 - Torino 5
CeSOX sterile neutrino signature P(, m, L, E) = 1 sin ( )sin (1.7 m L E ) 0 kci Ce source in pit @ 8.5 m from detector center 1.5 years of data taking: 4 events 5% energy resoluhon @ 1 MeV 15 cm spahal resoluhon Background free IBD count rate as a function of L & E in a (3+1) sterile neutrino model Spatial oscillations Energy distorsion Ma0hieu Vivier - TAUP 015 - Torino 6
CeSOX sterile neutrino signature P(, m, L, E) = 1 sin ( )sin (1.7 m L E ) 0 kci Ce source in pit @ 8.5 m from detector center 1.5 years of data taking: 4 events 5% energy resoluhon @ 1 MeV 15 cm spahal resoluhon Background free J. Gaffiot et al. (015) IBD count rate as a function of L/E in a (3+1) sterile neutrino model Ma0hieu Vivier - TAUP 015 - Torino 7
CeSOX sensihvity CeSOX can potentially test most of the preferred parameter space in a really short time: ] [ev m 41 0 kci source at 8.5 m from detector center (1% norm. uncertainty) shape-only rate-only rate+shape PRELIMINARY Shape- only measurement o Smoking- gun signature o SensiHve to Δm 0.5-5 ev region o Requires good energy and vertex resoluhon o Dominated by stahshcal unc. 1-1 Ce - 0kCi - 1.5y - 4.5m, 95% CL rate only, σ h = 1% rate + shape, σ h = 1% shape only, σ h = inf. anomalies, 95% CL anomalies, 99% CL Best Fit, PRD 88 073008 (013) Rate + shape measurement o Overall sensihvity improvement with respect to shape- only analysis o Especially sensihve for Δm 5 ev o Need accurate achvity measurement Heat power measurement (calo.) Power- to- achvity conversion (β spec.) o Need good detechon systemahcs Energy, vertex reconstruchon IBD efficiency - -1 sin (θ 14 ) Ma0hieu Vivier - TAUP 015 - Torino 8
Source produchon Done @ FSUE Mayak PA (Russia) Source delivery between Sept. 016 and Dec. 016 9 to 1 months production process: 1. Standard radiochemical re-processing of a few tons of SNF from research reactor: Purex process lanthanides and actinides concentrate. Separation of Cerium (REE complex displacement chromatography) 3. Calcination + pressing + encapsulation: 30 g of Ce in 5 kg of CeO Research reactor TUK- 6 Culng, digeshon: purex Displacement Chromatography 137 Cs, precip. REE W- shielding CeO calcinahon Ma0hieu Vivier - TAUP 015 - Torino 9
Source shielding Any gamma radiation escaping the source (reminder, activity few PBq) must be shielded o Biological protection o Avoid source-induced backgrounds in the detector 19-cm thick high density tungsten alloy shielding (HDTAS) Dimensions mostly driven by Pr.185 MeV deexcitation gamma-ray (0.7% intensity). Manufactured at Xiamen Honglu Inc., China. Biggest tungsten shielding ever built Delivery end of 015 Cylindrical shape H 60 cm φ 60 cm Density 18.5 g cm -3.3 tons Aluminium mock-up Ma0hieu Vivier - TAUP 015 - Torino
Source transport Transportation cask identified: MTR from Areva TN (1 tons) Itinerary route identified: from Mayak to LNGS through France Train/dedicated boat/truck: 3 weeks travel (5% activity loss) Source transport authorized Expected delivery date at LNGS < Dec. 016 New basket W-shielding Ma0hieu Vivier - TAUP 015 - Torino 11
Calorimetric measurement Measure CeANG thermal power with 1.5% precision o P 16 W/PBq o 800 W @ beginning of data taking Measure flow and temperature in and out a water circulation loop [[setup @ CEA- Saclay] P source = dm dt C p (T out T in )+P leak Calorimetric device designed to minimize leaks: Conduction: suspension platform + insulation Convection: vacuum vessel Radiation: multilayer insulation + vacuum vessel thermalization [setup @ TUM/Genova] Calibration with an electrical source Ma0hieu Vivier - TAUP 015 - Torino 1
_ Pr ν e energy spectrum: β spectroscopy Both source heat power and expected IBD interaction rate in Borexino depends on CeANG β/ν e spectrum Ce and Pr beta spectra both present non-unique forbidden transitions, for which spectral shape is uncertain at the few % level Furthermore, past β spectrum measurements don t agree well: up to -15% differences, which makes % uncertainty in the predicted IBD rate Need for a new β spectrum measurement to reach < 1% uncertainty on IBD rate 0.7 0.6 0.5 Past measurements of Pr 1st branch beta spectra Electron Porter and Day (1959) Graham et al. (1958) Bosch et al. (1973) Daniel and Kaschl (1966) Freeman (1959) Laubitz (1956) Nagarajan (1971) Neutrino spectra from past measurements of Pr 1st branch beta spectra (beta branch level conversion) 0.7 Porter and Day (1959) Graham et al. (1958) Bosch et al. (1973) Daniel and Kaschl (1966) 0.6 Freeman (1959) Neutrino Laubitz (1956) Nagarajan (1971) 0.5 dn/de [MeV 1 ] 0.4 0.3 dn/de [MeV 1 ] 0.4 0.3 0. 0. 0.1 0.1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5.5 3 Electron kinetic energy [MeV] 0 0 0.5 1 1.5.5 3 Neutrino energy [MeV] Ma0hieu Vivier - TAUP 015 - Torino 13
_ Pr ν e energy spectrum: β spectroscopy Both source heat power and expected IBD interaction rate in Borexino depends on CeANG β/ν e spectrum Ce and Pr beta spectra both present non-unique forbidden transitions, for which spectral shape is uncertain at the few % level Furthermore, past β spectrum measurements don t agree well: up to -15% differences, which makes % uncertainty in the predicted IBD rate Two measurements on-going at Saclay, on Ce(NO 3 ) 3 samples received from PA Mayak: CEA spectrometer (under development) TUM spectrometer (PRL. 11, 1501) Chemical separation of Ce and Pr envisaged, to measure separately their corresponding spectra Other measurement techniques under consideration : Si-detector, magnetic spectrometer, Ma0hieu Vivier - TAUP 015 - Torino 14
Impact of source related systemahcs Heat power measurement β spectrum shape Necessary for rate+shape analysis Target precision: 1% (calorimetry) Conversion from power to activity Necessary for rate+shape analysis Target precision: O(5%) ] [ev m 41 1 =0% =1% =1.5% =% -- =inf. PRELIMINARY ] [ev m 41 1 nouncert. s.f.(only) s.f+activity PRELIMINARY Ce - 0kCi - 1.5y - 4.5m, 95% CL -1 Ce - 0kCi - 1.5y - 4.5m, 95% CL = 0% h = inf. h = 1% = 1.5% h h = % h Best Fit, 95% CL Best Fit, 99% CL Best Fit, PRD 88 073008 (013) -1 a,b,c,h = 0% a = 0.5%, b = 5% a = 0.5%, b = 5%, h = 1% Best Fit, 95% CL Best Fit, 99% CL Best Fit, PRD 88 073008 (013) - -1 sin ( 14 ) - -1 sin ( 14 ) Ma0hieu Vivier - TAUP 015 - Torino 15
Conclusion SOX will test the Gallium and reactor anomalies and search for ν e /ν e very short baseline oscillations First SOX phase, namely CeSOX, is soon to be started: _ o Source production nearly started: delivery by Sept. 016 o Source shielding in production: delivery by end of 015 o Transport solution frozen and authorized: source arrival at LNGS < Dec. 016 CeANG characterization on-going. Goal: benefit from an additional rate information for ν s search and make sure source impurities are kept to sufficiently low levels o o o Calorimetry β spectrometry γ, α and ICP-MS/AES spectrometry (not covered in this talk) see [J. Gaffiot et al. (015)] for full discussion about technical details related to source production Intense detector calibration campaign to achieve detection systematics at the 1- % level Future measurement with 51 Cr under consideration (very relevant in case of a positive signal) THANK YOU! Ma0hieu Vivier - TAUP 015 - Torino 16