I.R.IRAN s NATURAL HAZARDS PROFILE Islamic Republic of Iran, situated in south-west Asia, covers an area of 1,648 million sq km with the population of 70,270,000 for the year 2006. Sixty percent of the country is covered with mountains and the remaining part is desert and arid lands. This chapter presents Iran s natural hazard profile, based on DesInventar data. NATURAL HAZARD OCCURRENCE Due to its geo-climatic situation, Iran is a natural disaster prone country. Regarding DesInventar, totally, 6,559 natural hazard events were recorded in Iran for the period of 1986-2007, which caused 74,019 deaths, 141,918 injured, 38,835,621 affected, 508,301 houses damaged or destroyed and 8,595,568,000 USD in economic loss. Earthquake was the most frequent hazard in 1986-2007 accounting for 52.7% of total events. Flood accounting for 38.1% of all events was in the second rank. Other hazards, totally account for 9.2% of events were as follow: storms (3.0%), landslides (1.9%), thunder storms (1.4%), snowstorms (1.0%), hailstorms (0.9%), drought (0.5%), forest fire (0.4%), avalanche (0.1%), strong wind (0.01%) and frost, liquefaction, rains and tornado (totally 0.04). (Figure 1) Earthquake 3455 Flood 2498 Storm Landslide Thunder storm Snowstorm Hailstorm Drought Forest fire Avalanche Strong wind Tornado Rains Liquefaction Frost 195 122 89 67 57 36 25 9 2 1 1 1 1 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Figure 1- Occurrence of natural hazards by type, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 1
Table 1 reveals that the most important hazards are drought, earthquake and flood (DEF) and storm. Earthquake could be called as the most important hazard in terms of mortality, damage to buildings, people affected and economic damage. Rudbar-Manjil earthquake (1990) and Bam earthquake (2003) were mega disasters of last two decades. Drought has affected the people more than all other hazards and accounts for 37 million affected people around the country, mostly in Fars, Bushehr, Yazd and Kerman provinces. Storm has affected people after drought and earthquakes. Guno Typhoon (2007) affected more than 160 thousands people in Sistan va Baluchestan province in south east of Iran. Floods are in the second rank in terms of mortality. Floods in Loretsan (1991), Tehran (1987), Golestan (2001) and Kerman (1993) put the flood among top 10 killer hazards of Iran for 1986-2007 period. Table 1- Ten largest natural disasters sorted by numbers of people killed, total affected, building damage or destroyed and economic loss, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Hazard Year Location No killed 10 largest killed Earthquake 1990 Gilan and Zanjan provinces 40,000 Earthquake 2003 Bam, Kerman province 26,271 Earthquake 1997 Tabas, South Khorasan province 1,700 Earthquake 1997 Ardebil 965 Earthquake 2005 Kerman province, Zarand 612 Flood 1991 Lorestan province, Kuhdasht 308 Flood 1987 Tehran 300 Earthquake 2002 Ghazvin province, Buinzahra 231 Flood 2001 Golestan province, Kalaleh 217 Flood 1993 Kerman province, Kerman 211 10 largest affected Drought 1999 Fars, Bushehr, Yazd, Kerman 37,000,000 Earthquake 1990 Gilan province, Rudbar 710,000 Earthquake 2003 Kerman province, Bam 267,628 Earthquake 2006 Lorestan province, Dorud 161,418 Storm 2007 Sistan va Baluchestan province 160,009 Drought 2004 Razavi Khorasan province, Mashhad 110,000 Earthquake 1997 North Khorasan province, Bojnourd 84,500 Earthquake 1997 South Khorasan province, Ghaenat 72,000 Earthquake 1997 Ardebil province, Ardebil 38,600 Earthquake 1997 Ardebil province, Ardebil 38,600 Earthquake 1990 10 largest damaged or destroyed buildings Gilan and Zanjan provinces, Rudbar-Manjil 100,000 Earthquake 2003 Kerman province, Bam 55,000 Earthquake 2006 Lorestan province, Dorud 52,261 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 2
Earthquake 2002 Ghazvin province, Bueinzahra 41,988 Earthquake 1998 Ardebil province, Ardebil 22,000 Earthquake 2006 Lorestan province, Khorram Abad 15,000 Earthquake 1997 Khorasan Shomali province, Bojnurd 14,357 Earthquake 2004 Mazandaran province, Nur 8,000 Flood 1998 Esfahan province, Fereydounshahr 6,992 Earthquake 1990 10 largest economic loss (USD*1,000) Gilan and Zanjan provinces, Rudbar 8,000,000 Earthquake 2003 Kerman province, Bam 500,000 Earthquake 2006 Lorestan province, Dorud 42,262 Earthquake 1997 North Khorasan province, Bojnourd 30,000 Earthquake 2003 Fars province 21,666 Earthquake 1994 Sistan va Baluchestan province 1,400 Storm 2004 Gilan province, Astara 240 Storm 2007 Sistan va Baluchestan province - Drought 2004 Khorasan-e-Razavi province, Mashad - Earthquake 1997 South Khorasan province, Ghaenat - GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 3
Figure 2a shows the upward trend of recorded geological hazards in Iran during last two decades. Except for 2000, 2001 and 2007 the increasing trend is consistent. The 2005 was the most earthquake hit year. The most frequent year in term of climatic events was 1998 and the prominent hazard was flooding (Figure 2b). While overall trend of climatic hazards shows no prominent change over years, excluding floods, the upward trend of other climatic hazards is noted by Figure 2c. Landslides and storms are the major contributors to this pattern. 600 500 400 300 200 Climatic Geologic 100 0 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Figure 2a- Trends in occurrence by hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Figure 2b- Trends in occurrence by hazard type, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Tornado Thunder storm Strong wind Storm Snow storm Rains Liquefaction Landslide hail storm Frost Forest fire Flood Earthquake Drought 100 80 60 40 20 0 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Figure 2c- Trends in occurrence of climatic hazards, excluded flooding, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Tornado Thunder storm Strong wind Storm Snow storm Rains Liquefaction Landslide hail storm Frost Forest fire Drought Avalanche GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 4
Climatic hazards occurred more frequently in late of winter and early of spring in March, April and May. No seasonal (monthly) pattern was observed in occurrence of geologic hazards. 800 600 400 Climatic Geologic 200 0 January February March April May June July August September October November December Figure 3-Monthly trends in occurrence, by hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 5
Figures 5 and 6 indicate the spatial distribution of geologic and climatic hazards occurrence at Ostan and Shahrestan levels, respectively. Despite a great diffusion of hazard occurrence across the country, there is a concentration across a small number of provinces. As noted by Figure 5, the least hit provinces by natural hazards, i.e. Zanjan, Markazi and Ghom, have experienced 1 to 5 natural hazard events per year. At the other end, Fars and Kerman provinces experienced 23 to 32 hazards per year. Fars, Kerman and Khuzestan were the most hit provinces by geologic hazards, but Kerman, Khuzestan and Razavi Khorasan experienced the greater number of climatic hazards. Only about 8 percents of Iran s Shahrestan had no recorded natural hazards for the period of 1986-2007. Figure 5- Hazard occurrence by Ostan, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 6
Figure 6- Hazard occurrence by Shahrestan, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 7
LOSS OF LIFE DUE TO NATURAL HAZARDS According to DesInventar, totally, 6,559 natural hazard events were recorded in Iran for the period of 1986-2007, which led to 74,019 deaths. Earthquakes have been responsible for 95.0% of total mortality, followed by floods, which account for 4.5% of total deaths. Other natural hazards, including landslides, storms, thunder storms, snowstorms, avalanche, hailstorms, frost and tornados contributed in 0.5% of total mortality. (Table 2, Figure 7). Table 1 also presents average number of people killed per year by different types of natural hazards. In average, 3,364.5 people were killed by all natural hazards in 1986-2007 period, per year. Table 2- No of death and average killed per year due to natural hazards, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Death Average no Hazard Number % killed per year Earthquake 70,289 95.0 3194.9 Flood 3,299 4.5 149.9 Landslide 154 0.2 7.0 Storm 114 0.2 5.2 Thunder storm 101 0.1 4.6 Snowstorm 30 0.04 1.4 Avalanche 25 0.03 1.2 Hailstorm 3 0.004 0.14 Frost 2 0.002 0.09 Tornado 2 0.002 0.09 Drought 0 0 0 Forest fire 0 0 0 Liquefaction 0 0 0 Rains 0 0 0 Strong wind 0 0 0 Total 74,019 100 3,364.5 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 8
Earthquake 70024 Flood 3299 Landslide Storm Thunder storm 114 101 154 Snowstorm Avalanche 25 31 Hailstorm 3 Tornado Frost 2 2 Strong wind Rains Liquefaction Forest fire Drought 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Figure 7- No of death by natural hazards, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Table 3 indicates the 10 largest natural disasters in Iran for period of 1986-2007, sorted by numbers of people killed. Earthquake was the top killer hazard, followed by floods. The earthquakes in Rudbar-Manjil (1990) and Bam (2003) were responsible for 89.5% of total death. The most deadly floods occurred in Kuhdasht (1991), Tehran (1987), Kalaleh (2001) and Kerman (1993). GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 9
Table 3- Ten largest natural disasters sorted by numbers of people killed, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Hazard Year Ostan Sharestan No killed Earthquake 1990 Gilan and Zanjan Rudbar and Manjil 40,000 Earthquake 2003 Kerman Bam 26,271 Earthquake 1997 South Khorasan Tabas 1,700 Earthquake 1997 Ardebil Ardebil 965 Earthquake 2005 Kerman Zarand 612 Flood 1991 Lorestan Kuhdasht 308 Flood 1987 Tehran Tehran 300 Earthquake 2002 Ghazvin Buinzahra 231 Flood 2001 Golestan Kalaleh 217 Flood 1993 Kerman Kerman 211 Geologic events represented 52.7% of events, but responsible for 94.9% of recorded mortality. Climatic events represented 47.3% of events causing 5.1% of recorded mortality (Figure 8). 100 80 60 40 Climatic Geologic 20 0 Event Death Figure 8- Proportion of events and death by natural hazard groups, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Mortality trend, in general, indicates 27.3% decrease in period of 1997-2007 compared to 1986-1996. Comparing 1997-2007 period to 1986-1996, while the geologic hazard occurrence shows increasing trends up to 126%, but no change in climatic hazards, mortality trend reveals 25.2% and 59.1% decrease due to geologic and climatic hazards, respectively (Figures 9). This decreasing mortality trend raises questions as to its origin. Regarding geologic hazard, occurrence of a high magnitude earthquake in a low density area in Ghaenat (1997) and the effective early warning in Lorestan (2006) can be possible explanations. Lorestan earthquake could kill potentially the people as same as Bam earthquake did. GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 10
Establishment of more effective early warning systems may lead to downward trend of climatic-related deaths. All of these uncertain explanations underpin the need for a better system to capture the impact of various disaster reduction efforts. Figure 9- Occurrence and death by geologic hazards (left) and climatic hazards (right) GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 11
Figure 10 indicates the trend in mortality due to natural hazards. The year of 1990 (Rudbar-Manjil earthquake), 2003 (Bam earthquake) and 1997 (Ardebil earthquake) were the highest mortality time. Years of 1987, 1991 and 1986 experienced the highest mortality due to flooding. 100000 10000 1000 100 Climatic Geologic 10 1 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Figure 11a: Death due to natural disasters, by hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 100000 10000 1000 100 10 1 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Figure 11b: Death due to natural disasters, by hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Tornado Thunder storm Strong wind Storm Snow storm Rains Liquefaction Landslide hail storm Frost Forest fire Flood Earthquake Drought Avalanche 1000 100 10 1 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Figure 11c: Death due to climatic disasters, by hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Tornado Thunder storm Strong wind Storm Snow storm Rains Liquefaction Landslide hail storm Frost Forest fire Flood Drought Avalanche GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 12
As Figure 12 presents that the most deaths caused by earthquakes were occurred in months of June, December and May due to Rudbar-Manjil (1990), Bam (2003) and Ardebil (1997) earthquakes. July, December and August were the deadliest months by floods. 100000 10000 1000 100 Geologic Climatic 10 1 January February March April May June July August September October November December Figure 12- Monthly trend of death by hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 13
Figures 13 and 14 indicate the spatial distribution of death due to geologic and climatic hazards at Ostan and Shahrestan levels, respectively. Despite a great diffusion of hazard occurrence across the country, there is a concentration across a small number of provinces. Gilan and Kerman were the most affected provinces by natural hazards in term of mortality, mostly due to earthquakes. Ghom was the only province with no death during 1986-2007. All other provinces had the history of mortality by geologic or climatic events. Tehran, Golestan, Kermanshah and Kerman were the most affected provinces in term of death by climatic events.. Figure 13- No of death per 10,000 inhabitants by province and hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 14
Figure 14- No of death per 10,000 inhabitants by Shahrestan and hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 15
INJURY DUE TO NATURAL HAZARDS According to DesInventar, totally, 6,559 natural hazard-related events were recorded for Iran for the period of 1986-2007, which led to 141,858 injured people. Earthquakes have been responsible for 98.70% of total injuries, followed by floods, which account for 1.2% of total injuries. Other natural hazards, altogether contributed in 0.1% of total injuries, including storms, thunder storms, avalanches, landslides and hailstorms (Figure 15). Earthquake 140018 Flood 1733 Storm Thunder storm 33 44 Avalanche 18 Landslide 10 Hailstorm 2 Tornado Strong wind Snowstorm Rains Liquefaction Frost Forest fire Drought 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 Figure 15- Number of injury by natural hazards, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 16
Table 4 indicates the 10 largest natural disasters in Iran for this period, sorted by numbers of people injured. During 1986-2007, 6,448.1 people were injured, in average, per year. Table 4- Ten largest natural disasters sorted by numbers of people injured, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Hazard Year Location No killed 10 largest injured Earthquake 1990 Gilan and Zanjan provinces 105,090 Earthquake 2003 Bam, Kerman province 22,739 Earthquake 1997 Tabas, South Khorasan province 2,600 Earthquake 1997 Ardebil 2,600 Earthquake 2006 Lorestan province 2,000 Earthquake 2005 Kerman 1,621 Earthquake 2002 Ghazvin province 1,406 Flood 1987 Tehran 650 Earthquake 1997 Razavi Khorasan 220 Earthquake 2004 Mazandaran 212 While climatic hazards represented 47.3% of events causing 1.3% of total injuries, geologic hazards represented 52.7% of events, but responsible for 98.7% of total injuries. (Figure 16) 100 80 60 40 Climatic Geologic 20 0 Event Injury Figure 16- Proportion of events and death, by hazard groups, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 17
0.95 CI Death to Injury Ration (DIR) Assuming at least one injury for the events with at least on death, Death to Injury Ration (DIR) was 1.2±2.4 with median of 0.1 (range 0.0-12.0) for geologic hazards and 6.6±26.7 with median of 1.5 (range 0.0-308) in climatic hazards. Figure 17 shows mean and related 95%CI of DIR in geologic and climatic hazards. 10 8 6 4 2 0 Geologic Climatic Figure 17- Death to injury ratio by hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Figure 18 indicates the annual trend in injury due to natural hazards. The significant peaks is appeared in years of 1990 (Rudbar earthquake), 2003 (Bam earthquake) and 1997 (Ardebil earthquake). The most number of floods-related injuries occurred in years of 1987 and 1986. 1000000 100000 10000 1000 Climatic Geologic 100 10 1 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Figure 18: Annual trend in injuries due to natural hazards by hazard groups, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 18
The most injuries were occurred in months of June, December and May and caused by Rudbar (1990), Bam (2003) and Ardebil (1997) earthquakes. July and August were the deadliest months by flooding (Figure 19). 1000000 100000 10000 1000 Climatic Geologic 100 10 1 January February March April May June July August September October November December Figure 19- Monthly trend of death by hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 19
Figures 20 and 21 indicate the spatial distribution of injury due to geologic and climatic hazards at Ostan and Shahrestan levels, respectively. Despite a great diffusion of injury across the country, there is a concentration across a small number of provinces. Gilan, Zanjan, Kerman and South Khorasan were the most affected provinces by natural hazards in term of injury, mostly due to earthquakes. Ghom province was the only province with no injury during 1986-2007. All other provinces had the history of injury by geologic or climatic events. Tehran, Ghazvin and Esfahan were the most affected provinces in term of injury by climatic events. Figure 20- Number of injured per 10,000 inhabitants by province and hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 20
Figure 21- Number of injured per 10,000 inhabitants by Shahrestan and hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 21
BUILDING DAMAGE OR DESTROYED DUE TO NATURAL HAZARDS Regarding DesInventar, totally, 6,559 natural hazard events were registered in Iran for the period of 1986-2007, which cause 508,301 building damaged or destroyed. Among all buildings damaged or destroyed, 73.0% were affected by earthquakes, 23.0% by floods, 0.09% by landslides and 0.03 by thunder storms. No damage to building was recorded by other types of hazards (Figure 22). Thunder storm 139 Landslide 465 Flood 136,664 Earthquake 371,033 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 Figure 22- Buildings damaged and destroyed by hazard type, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 During 1986-2007, 23,104.5 building were damaged and destroyed, in average, per year. During this period, 16.865.1 buildings were damaged by earthquakes, 6,212.0 by floods, 21.1 by landslides and 6.3 by thunder storms, in average per year (Figure 23). 100000 10000 16,865.1 6,212.0 1000 100 10 21.1 6.3 1 Earthquake Flood Landslide Thunder storm Figure 23- Average number of building damaged or destroyed per year by hazard type, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 22
Table 5 indicates the 10 largest natural disasters in Iran for this period, sorted by numbers of building damaged or destroyed. Table 5- Ten largest natural disasters sorted by numbers of buildings damaged or destroyed, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Hazard Year Location No damaged 10 largest building damaged and destroyed Earthquake 1990 Rudbar, Gilan province 100,000 Earthquake 2003 Bam, Kerman province 55,000 Earthquake 2006 Lorestan 52,261 Earthquake 2002 Ghazvin 41,988 Earthquake 1997 Ardebil 22,000 Earthquake 2006 Lorestan province 15,000 Earthquake 1997 North Khorasan 14,357 Earthquake 1997 South Khorasan 12,800 Earthquake 2004 Mazandaran 8,000 Flood 1998 Esfahan 6,992 While geologic events represented 52.7% of events caused 73.0% of buildings damaged or destroyed, climatic events represented 47.3% of records causing 27.0% of buildings damaged or destroyed (Figure 24). Ratio of Buildings destroyed to building damaged is 1.75 and 0.05 for geologic and climatic hazards, respectively. 100 80 60 40 20 0 Event Building damage Geologic Climatic Figure 24- Proportion of events and building damaged or destroyed by hazard groups, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 23
The most buildings damage or destruction occurred in the year that Iran was hit by major earthquakes, i.e. 1990 (Rudbar-Manjil), 2003 (Bam) and 2006 (Dorud). Number of buildings damaged or destroyed by climatic events, mainly floods, were considerable in the year of 1991 and 1996 (Figure 25). 1000000 100000 10000 1000 Climatic Geologic 100 10 1 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Figure 25- Building damaged or destroyed due to natural disasters by hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 1000000 100000 10000 1000 100 Climatic Geologic 10 1 January February March April May June July August September October November December Figure 26- Monthly trend of Building damaged or destroyed by hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 24
Figures 27 and 28 indicate the spatial distribution of buildings damage or destroyed due to geologic and climatic hazards at Ostan and Shahrestan levels, respectively. Numerous of province, including South Khorasan, Kerman, Fars, Esfahan, Khuzestan, Lorestan, Kermashah, Ardebil, Gilan, Zanjan, Ghazvin, Golestan and North Khoeasan experienced at least 10,000 buildngs damaged or destroyed from 1986 to 2007. Gilan and Zanjan were the most affected provinces in this regard. Ardebil, Gilan, Zanjan, Ghazvin, North Khorasan, South Khorasan and Kerman were the most affected provinces by geologic hazards in term of buildings damage. Golestan, Esfahan, Khuzestan and Kerman were the most affected provinces in term of buildings damage by climatic events. No building damage is recorded for Ghom province neither by geologic nor climatic events. GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 25
Figure 27- No of buildings damaged and destroyed by province and hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 26
Figure 28- No of buildings damaged and destroyed by Shahrestan and hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 27
ANNEX TABLES Table A1- Occurrence of natural hazards by type, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Hazard type n % Earthquake 3,455 52.70 Flood 2,498 38.10 Storm 195 3.00 Landslide 122 1.90 Thunder storm 89 1.40 Snowstorm 67 1.00 Hailstorm 57 0.90 Drought 36 0.50 Forest fire 25 0.40 Avalanche 9 0.10 Strong wind 2 0.01 Frost 1 0.01 Liquefaction 1 0.01 Rains 1 0.01 Tornado 1 0.01 Total 6,559 100 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 28
Table A2- Hazard occurrence by year, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Year Geologic Climatic Total N % n % n % 1986 50 1.45 146 4.70 196 2.99 1987 42 1.22 147 4.74 189 2.88 1988 68 1.97 112 3.61 180 2.74 1989 50 1.45 56 1.80 106 1.62 1990 91 2.63 38 1.22 129 1.97 1991 87 2.52 201 6.48 288 4.39 1992 91 2.63 177 5.70 268 4.09 1993 181 5.24 208 6.70 389 5.93 1994 178 5.15 165 5.32 343 5.23 1995 112 3.24 92 2.96 204 3.11 1996 108 3.13 223 7.18 331 5.05 1997 163 4.72 133 4.28 296 4.51 1998 216 6.25 337 10.86 553 8.43 1999 197 5.70 158 5.09 355 5.41 2000 109 3.15 108 3.48 217 3.31 2001 131 3.79 118 3.80 249 3.80 2002 216 6.25 129 4.16 345 5.26 2003 253 7.32 176 5.67 429 6.54 2004 337 9.75 89 2.87 426 6.49 2005 411 11.90 152 4.90 563 8.58 2006 318 9.20 92 2.96 410 6.25 2007 46 1.33 47 1.51 93 1.42 Total 3,455 100 3,104 100 6,559 100 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 29
Table A3- Hazard occurrence by month, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Month Geologic Climatic Total N % n % n % January 318 9.20 204 6.66 522 8.01 February 266 7.70 223 7.28 489 7.50 March 269 7.79 321 10.47 590 9.05 April 311 9.00 414 13.51 725 11.12 May 296 8.57 456 14.88 752 11.53 June 279 8.08 223 7.28 502 7.70 July 297 8.60 284 9.27 581 8.91 August 277 8.02 256 8.35 533 8.17 September 263 7.61 103 3.36 366 5.61 October 285 8.25 148 4.83 433 6.64 November 309 8.94 170 5.55 479 7.35 December 285 8.25 263 8.58 548 8.40 Total 3,455 100 3,065 100 6,520 100 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 30
Table A4- Hazard occurrence by Ostan and hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Ostan Geologic Climatic Total N % N % N % Ardebil 110 3.2 91 2.9 201 3.1 West Azarbayejan 88 2.5 79 2.5 167 2.5 East Azarbayejan 96 2.8 119 3.8 215 3.3 Bushehr 109 3.2 84 2.7 193 2.9 Chaharmahal va Bakhtiyari 82 2.4 104 3.4 186 2.8 Esfahan 59 1.7 109 3.5 168 2.6 Fars 463 13.4 195 6.3 658 10.0 Ghazvin 57 1.6 93 3.0 150 2.3 Ghom 15 0.4 5 0.2 20 0.3 Gilan 182 5.3 132 4.3 314 4.8 Golestan 94 2.7 182 5.9 276 4.2 Hamedan 37 1.1 87 2.8 124 1.9 Hormozgan 195 5.6 65 2.1 260 4.0 Ilam 71 2.1 61 2.0 132 2.0 Kerman 257 7.4 245 7.9 502 7.7 Kermanshah 71 2.1 65 2.1 136 2.1 Souht Khorasan 120 3.5 28 0.9 148 2.3 Razavi Khorasan 193 5.6 241 7.8 434 6.6 North Khorasan 139 4.0 83 2.7 222 3.4 Khuzestan 212 6.1 271 8.7 483 7.4 Kohgiluyeh va Boyerahmad 124 3.6 58 1.9 182 2.8 Kordestan 31 0.9 78 2.5 109 1.7 Lorestan 135 3.9 69 2.2 204 3.1 Markazi 11 0.3 40 1.3 51 0.8 Mazandaran 106 3.1 77 2.5 183 2.8 Semnan 139 4.0 105 3.4 244 3.7 Sistan va Baluchestan 28 0.8 86 2.8 114 1.7 Tehran 89 2.6 83 2.7 172 2.6 Yazd 121 3.5 111 3.6 232 3.5 Zanjan 21 0.6 58 1.9 79 1.2 Total 3,455 100 3,104 100 6,559 100 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 31
Table A5- Annual trend of death, by hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Year Geologic Climatic Total Death % Death % Death % 1986 10 0.01 431 11.55 441 0.60 1987 4 0.01 720 19.30 724 0.98 1988 4 0.01 165 4.42 169 0.23 1989 117 0.17 25 0.67 142 0.19 1990 40,002 56.91 47 1.26 40,049 54.11 1991 2 0.00 613 16.43 615 0.83 1992 6 0.01 153 4.10 159 0.21 1993 24 0.03 316 8.47 340 0.46 1994 27 0.04 31 0.83 58 0.08 1995 0 0.00 50 1.34 50 0.07 1996 0 0.00 96 2.57 96 0.13 1997 2,770 3.94 35 0.94 2,805 3.79 1998 27 0.04 294 7.88 321 0.43 1999 35 0.05 80 2.14 115 0.16 2000 1 0.00 41 1.10 42 0.06 2001 1 0.00 310 8.31 311 0.42 2002 236 0.34 99 2.65 335 0.45 2003 26,274 37.38 66 1.77 26,340 35.59 2004 60 0.09 18 0.48 78 0.11 2005 623 0.89 112 3.00 735 0.99 2006 66 0.09 7 0.19 73 0.10 2007 0 0.00 21 0.56 21 0.03 Total 70,289 100 3,730 100 74,019 100 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 32
Table A6- Monthly trend of death, by hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Month Geologic Climatic Total Death % Death % Death % January 3 0.004 99 2.7 102 0.1 February 1,162 1.7 318 8.5 1,480 2.0 March 83 0.1 76 2.0 159 0.2 April 18 0.03 552 14.8 570 0.8 May 1,895 2.7 278 7.5 2,173 2.9 June 40,300 57.6 113 3.0 40,413 54.8 July 235.3 886 23.8 1,121 1.5 August 15 0.02 520 14.0 535 0.7 September 6 0.01 69 1.9 75 0.1 October 0 0 49 1.3 49 0.1 November 29 0.04 101 2.7 130 0.2 December 26,278 37.5 661 17.8 26,939 36.5 Total 70,024 100 3,722 100 73,746 100 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 33
Table A7- Death by province and hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Province Geologic Climatic Total Death % Death % Death % Ardebil 965 1.4 64 1.7 1,029 1.4 Bushehr 2 0.002 217 5.8 219 0.3 Chaharmahal va Bakhtiyari 5 0.007 102 2.7 107 0.1 East Azarbayjan 5 0.007 77 2.1 82 0.1 Esfahan 0 0 82 2.2 82 0.1 Fars 62 0.1 148 4.0 210 0.3 Ghazvin 499 0.7 52 1.4 551 0.7 Ghom 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gilan 40,003 57.1 63 1.7 40,066 54.3 Golestan 0 0 348 9.3 348 0.5 Hamedan 2 0.002 54 1.4 56 0.1 Hormozgan 13 0.02 13 0.3 26 0.03 Ilam 0 0 34 0.9 34 0.04 Kerman 26,284 37.5 322 8.6 26,606 36.1 Kermanshah 4 0.004 12 0.3 16 0.02 Khorasan-e-Razavi 79 0.1 121 3.2 200 0.3 Khuzestan 0 0 195 5.2 195 0.3 Kohgiluyeh va Boyerahmad 124 0.2 49 1.3 173 0.2 Kurdestan 0 0 53 1.4 53 0.1 Lorestan 69 0.1 353 9.5 422 0.6 Markazi 0 0 17 0.5 17 0.02 Mazandaran 60 0.1 118 3.2 178 0.2 North Khorasan 100 0.1 23 0.6 123 0.2 Semnan 12 0.01 60 1.6 72 0.1 Sistan va Baluchestan 15 0.02 218 5.8 233 0.3 South Khoransan 1,712 2.4 19 0.5 1,731 2.3 Tehran 9 0 699 18.7 708 1.0 West Azarbayjan 0 0 97 2.6 97 0.1 Yazd 0 0 103 2.8 103 0.1 Zanjan 0 0 18 0.5 18 0.02 Total 70,024 100 3,731 100 74, 109 100 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 34
Table A8- Number of injuries by hazard types, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Injury % Earthquake 140,018 98.7 Flood 1,733 1.2 Storm 44 0.03 Thunder storm 33 0.02 Landslide 10 0.007 Hail storm 2 0.001 Avalanche 18 0.0 Drought 0 0 Forest fire 0 0 Frost 0 0 Liquefaction 0 0 Rains 0 0 Snow storm 0 0 Strong wind 0 0 Tornado 0 0 Total 141,858 100 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 35
Table A9- Annual trend of injuries by hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Year Geologic Climatic Total Injury % Injury % Injury % 1986 14 0.01 213 11.58 227 0.16 1987 1 0.00 1,024 55.65 1,025 0.72 1988 31 0.02 21 1.14 52 0.04 1989 35 0.02 0 0.00 35 0.02 1990 105,186 75.09 10 0.54 105,196 74.12 1991 61 0.04 82 4.46 143 0.10 1992 54 0.04 39 2.12 93 0.07 1993 52 0.04 22 1.20 74 0.05 1994 358 0.26 27 1.47 385 0.27 1995 11 0.01 15 0.82 26 0.02 1996 0 0.00 70 3.80 70 0.05 1997 5,495 3.92 6 0.33 5,501 3.88 1998 118 0.08 40 2.17 158 0.11 1999 150 0.11 48 2.61 198 0.14 2000 15 0.01 142 7.72 157 0.11 2001 10 0.01 12 0.65 22 0.02 2002 1573 1.12 13 0.71 1,586 1.12 2003 22,742 16.24 6 0.33 22,748 16.03 2004 212 0.15 0 0.00 212 0.15 2005 1,873 1.34 47 2.55 1,920 1.35 2006 2,014 1.44 3 0.16 2,017 1.42 2007 73 0.05 0 0.00 73 0.05 Total 140,078 100 1840 100 141,918 100 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 36
Table A10- Monthly trend of injury by hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Month Geologic Climatic Total Injury % Injury % Injury % January 198 0.14 45 2.44 243 0.17 February 4,495 3.21 5 0.27 4,500 3.17 March 2,199 1.57 98 5.32 2,297 1.61 April 61 0.04 174 9.45 235 0.16 May 3,033 2.16 221 12.01 3,254 2.29 June 106,698 76.20 77 4.18 106,775 75.26 July 16 0.01 982 53.36 998 0.70 August 1 0.0007 131 7.11 132 0.093 September 22 0.015 10 0.54 32 0.02 October 43 0.03 15 0.81 58 0.04 November 386 0.27 25 1.35 411 0.28 December 22,866 16.33 57 3.09 22,923 16.15 Total 140,018 100 1,840 100 141,858 100 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 37
Table A11 Injuries by province and hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Province Geologic Climatic Total Injury % Injury % Injury % Ardebil 2,600 1.86 5 0.27 2,605 1.83 West Azarbayjan 0 0 5 0.27 5 0.003 East Azarbayjan 105 0.07 35 1.90 140 0.098 Bushehr 60 0.04 3 0.16 63 0.044 Chaharmahal va Bakhtiyari 53 0.04 11 0.59 64 0.045 Esfahan 3 0.002 373 20.27 376 0.26 Fars 603 0.4 5 0.27 608 0.43 Ghazvin 1,406 1.004 108 5.86 1,514 1.06 Gilan 105,106 75.1 43 2.33 105,149 74.12 Golestan 63 0.05 90 4.89 153 0.107 Hamedan 0 0 3 0.16 3 0.002 Hormozgan 112 0.08 5 0.27 117 0.082 Ilam 0 0 15 0.81 15 0.01 Kerman 24,419 17.4 7 0.38 24,426 17.21 Kermanshah 71 0.05 0 0 71 0.05 South Khoransan 2,629 1.8 73 3.96 2,702 1.90 Khorasan-e-Razavi 235 0.16 40 2.17 275 0.19 North Khorasan 0 0 12 0.65 12 0.008 Khuzestan 200 0.14 35 1.90 235 0.165 Kohgiluyeh va Boyerahmad 84 0.06 10 0.54 94 0.066 Kurdestan 0 0 30 1.63 30 0.021 Lorestan 2,056 1.4 4 0.21 2,060 1.452 Markazi 0 0 48 2.60 48 0.033 Mazandaran 213 0.15 9 0.48 222 0.156 Ghom 0 0 0 0 0 0 Semnan 0 0 80 4.34 80 0.056 Sistan va Baluchestan 0 0 56 3.04 56 0.039 Tehran 0 0 721 39.18 721 0.508 Yazd 0 0 12 0.65 12 0.008 Zanjan 0 0 2 0.10 2 0.0014 Total 140,018 100 1,840 100 141,858 100 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 38
Table A12- Building damaged and destroyed by hazard types, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Building damaged % or destroyed Earthquake 371,033 72.99 Flood 136,664 26.89 Landslide 465 0.09 Thunder storm 139 0.03 Avalanche 0 0 Drought 0 0 Forest fire 0 0 Frost 0 0 Hail storm 0 0 Liquefaction 0 0 Rains 0 0 Snow storm 0 0 Storm 0 0 Strong wind 0 0 Tornado 0 0 Total 508,301 100 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 39
Table A13- Annual trend of building damaged or destroyed by hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Geologic Climatic Total Year Building Building Building % % % damage damage damage 1986 285 0.08 8419 6.13 8704 1.71 1987 797 0.21 5889 4.29 6686 1.32 1988 1355 0.37 4221 3.08 5576 1.10 1989 107 0.03 9425 6.87 9532 1.88 1990 100416 27.06 360 0.26 100776 19.83 1991 47 0.01 13295 9.69 13342 2.62 1992 500 0.13 16356 11.92 16856 3.32 1993 2345 0.63 22818 16.62 25163 4.95 1994 4750 1.28 8252 6.01 13002 2.56 1995 842 0.23 2096 1.53 2938 0.58 1996 15 0.00 3623 2.64 3638 0.72 1997 56607 15.26 1412 1.03 58019 11.41 1998 2776 0.75 16901 12.31 19677 3.87 1999 5282 1.42 1400 1.02 6682 1.31 2000 100 0.03 1072 0.78 1172 0.23 2001 60 0.02 1411 1.03 1471 0.29 2002 48307 13.02 2526 1.84 50833 10.00 2003 62048 16.72 3213 2.34 65261 12.84 2004 8129 2.19 1395 1.02 9524 1.87 2005 8701 2.35 7788 5.67 16489 3.24 2006 67261 18.13 4732 3.45 71993 14.16 2007 303 0.08 664 0.48 967 0.19 Total 371033 100 137268 100 508301 100 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 40
Table A14- Monthly trend of building damaged or destroyed by hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Geologic Climatic Total Month Building Building Building % % % damage damage damage January 7,145 1.93 13,483 9.87 20,628 4.06 February 38,707 10.43 14,987 10.97 53,694 10.58 March 59,041 15.91 26,324 19.27 85,365 16.82 April 2,014 0.54 10,297 7.54 12,311 2.43 May 37,690 10.16 13,294 9.73 50,984 10.04 June 147,099 39.65 5,445 3.99 152,544 30.05 July 367 0.10 7,553 5.53 7,920 1.56 August 443 0.12 8,204 6.01 8,647 1.70 September 768 0.21 2,283 1.67 3,051 0.60 October 2,781 0.75 5,958 4.36 8,739 1.72 November 10,758 2.90 4,029 2.95 14,787 2.91 December 64,220 17.31 24,757 18.12 88,977 17.53 Total 371,033 100 136,614 100 507,647 100 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 41
Table A15- Building damaged or destroyed by province and hazard group, I.R.Iran, 1986-2007 Geologic Climatic Total Province Building Building Building % % damage damage damage % Ardebil 22,400 6.04 4,770 3.47 27,170 5.35 West Azarbayjan 0 0.00 1,608 1.17 1,608 0.32 East Azarbayjan 0 0.00 1,170 0.85 1,170 0.23 Bushehr 854 0.23 6,989 5.09 7,843 1.54 Chaharmahal va Bakhtiyari 902 0.24 2,132 1.55 3,034 0.60 Esfahan 15 0.00 14,257 10.39 14,272 2.81 Fars 8,047 2.17 2,868 2.09 10,915 2.15 Ghazvin 41,988 11.32 418 0.30 42,406 8.34 Gilan 101,623 27.39 5,143 3.75 106,766 21.00 Golestan 658 0.18 14,100 10.27 14,758 2.90 Hamedan 0 0.00 1,942 1.41 1,942 0.38 Hormozgan 4,447 1.20 254 0.19 4,701 0.92 Ilam 520 0.14 1,911 1.39 2,431 0.48 Kerman 58,646 15.81 22,753 16.58 81,399 16.01 Kermanshah 11,038 2.97 974 0.71 12,012 2.36 South Khoransan 18,550 5.00 3,241 2.36 21,791 4.29 Khorasan-e-Razavi 2,398 0.65 5,810 4.23 8,208 1.61 North Khorasan 14,357 3.87 572 0.42 14,929 2.94 Khuzestan 6,179 1.67 16,491 12.01 22,670 4.46 Kohgiluyeh va Boyerahmad 1,589 0.43 7,895 5.75 9,484 1.87 Kurdestan 40 0.01 631 0.46 671 0.13 Lorestan 67,350 18.15 4,403 3.21 71,753 14.12 Markazi 0 0.00 330 0.24 330 0.06 Mazandaran 8,461 2.28 580 0.42 9,041 1.78 Ghom 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Semnan 371 0.10 1,006 0.73 1,377 0.27 Sistan va Baluchestan 400 0.11 9,552 6.96 9,952 1.96 Tehran 0 0.00 957 0.70 957 0.19 Yazd 200 0.05 817 0.60 1,017 0.20 Zanjan 0 0.00 3,694 2.69 3,694 0.73 Total 371,033 100 137,268 100 508,301 100 GAR 2009-Iran's Draft Report:: Hazard Profile Section 42