Name: Pd: MATTER & ENERGY STUDY GUIDE 9 Weeks Test Date: Parent Signature (BONUS!): 6.5A MATTER Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Give EXAMPLES and NON-EXAMPLES of matter. (42) EXAMPLES People Animals Vehicles Food Furniture NON-EXAMPLES Heat energy Sound energy Electricity Magnetism Gravity Explain why air is classified as matter even though you cannot see it. (42) You know that air is matter because you can feel its mass when it blows against your skin. You can see that it takes up space when it inflates a sail or a balloon. All Matter is made of atoms. atom - An atom is the small particle that is the building block of matter. Scientists classify matter as either a SUBSTANCE or a MIXTURE. Explain & give examples of a SUBSTANCE and a MIXTURE. (43) SUBSTANCE matter that has the same composition all throughout ex. salt, gold, baking soda, sugar MIXTURE matter made up of substances that are blended together, but not chemically joined ex. blood, trail mix, milk, lemonade Explain why table sugar, C6H12O6, is considered a pure substance. Include key words: bond, atoms, combination, and matter. (43) Table sugar is considered a pure substance because the atoms that make up the matter are chemically bonded in the same combination all throughout the substance.
6.5C ELEMENTS & COMPOUNDS Some substances are made of only ONE kind of ATOM. element - An element is a pure substance made of only one kind of atom and represented by a chemical symbol. molecule - A molecule is two or more atoms that are held together by chemical bonds. Elements as Individual Atoms Elements as Molecules Chemical Symbols for Elements Au F Pt K Pictured to the left, is a speck of gold at the atomic level. Explain why this speck of gold is classified as an element. Use key words: pure substance, atom, and individual. (44) Gold is a pure substance because each individual atom looks alike. Gold is classified as an elements because it is made of only one kind of atom. Most matter is made of atoms of DIFFERENT types of ELEMENTS bonded together. compound - A compound is a pure substance made of two or more different elements chemically joined and represented by a chemical formula. Compounds as Pure Substance Compounds as Mixture Chemical Formulas for Compounds NaCHO3 NaCl H2O PbNO3
COMPOUND Pictured to the left is a model of carbon dioxide. Explain why this molecule is classified as a compound instead of an element. Use key words: atoms, elements, different, combination, and joined. (45) Carbon dioxide is a compound because it is made of two different kinds of elements and each atom is chemically joined in the same combination. Compare and Contrast ELEMENTS and COMPOUNDS. ELEMENT Made of only one kind of atom Represented by a chemical symbol Found on Periodic Table Cannot be broken down into any other substance Simplest substances Pure substances Make up all matter Can be joined by chemical bonds Have physical and chemical properties Subscripts show the number of atoms present Made of two or more different kinds of elements Represented by a chemical formula Can be broken down into other substances 6.5B ELEMENTS of EARTH Complete each diagram by identifying the most abundant elements of Earth. Include the percentage of each element. (48,49,50,51) Calcium 4.2% Iron 5.6% Other 7.7% Aluminum 8.2% Silicon 28.2% Oxygen 46.1% EARTH S CRUST Other 0.9% Oxygen 21.0% Nitrogen 78.1% Calcium 1.2% Other 1.5% Sulfur 2.7% Magnesium 3.9% Sodium 32.4% Chlorine 58.3% EARTH S OCEANS Phosphorus 1.2% Other 1.5% Calcium 1.5% Nitrogen 3.0% Hydrogen 10.0% Carbon 18.0% Oxygen 65.0% EARTH S ATMOSPHERE EARTH S LIVING THINGS
6.5D CHANGES of MATTER Changes in matter are classified as PHYSICAL or CHEMICAL. physical change - _ A change in the size, shape, form, or state of matter that does not change the matter s identity. Explain why each of the following processes is an example of a PHYSICAL CHANGE. Use examples to justify your explanation. (65,66) When a substance dissolves, it mixes evenly into another substance but the DISSOLVING identities of the substances do not change. When a substance melts or boils, it is changing state of matter but the MELTING & BOILING substances that make up the matter do not change. When a substance freezes, it is changing state of matter but the substances that FREEZING make up the matter do not change. chemical change - _ A change in matter in which the substances that make up the matter change into other substances with different properties. Identify the SIGNS of a possible CHEMICAL CHANGE. Provide examples of each. (68,69) SIGN EXAMPLES Formation of a gas Baking soda + vinegar, calcium chloride + baking soda + water, burning paper, combustion powder + fire Formation of a precipitate Color Change Red Bull + milk, Lead Nitrate (clear liquid) + Potassium Iodide (clear liquid) = Lead Iodide (yellow solid) Banana oxidizing, penny + CLR, lead nitrate + potassium iodide, egg + vinegar, burning paper Release of Thermal Energy Sound Energy Light Energy Baking soda + vinegar, calcium chloride + baking soda + water, burning paper, combustion powder + fire, water drum + alcohol
CHEMICAL CHANGE Contrast PHYSICAL CHANGES and CHEMICAL CHANGES. Provide at least 5 examples of each. PHYSICAL CHANGE Dry ice sublimating: change in state of matter (solid to gas) Water + sugar + lemons: solution, dissolving Ripping paper: change in size, shape Cutting trees into logs: change in size, shape Bending paper clip: change in shape, form Combustion Powder + Torch: forms gas, color change, releases heat, light, sound energy Banana oxidizing: color change Rust forming: color change, release of thermal energy Red Bull + milk: forms precipitate Vinegar + baking soda: forms gas, releases thermal, sound energy 6.6B PROPERTIES of MATTER Matter has different properties, some PHYSICAL and some CHEMICAL. physical property - Any characteristic of matter that you can observe without changing the identity of the substances that make it up. List examples of PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of matter. (88,89,90) State of matter Conductivity Solubility Mass + Volume Color + Odor Melting + Boiling Points Density Malleability + Ductility Magnetism density - The mass per unit volume of a substance. solubility - The ability of one material to dissolve in another. chemical property - A characteristic of matter that you observe as it reacts with or changes into a different substance. List examples of CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of matter. (91) Flammability Ability to tarnish Ability to disintegrate Ability to Rust Ability to oxidize Reactivity
6.6A PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of the PERIODIC TABLE Elements on the Periodic Table are classified as METALS, NONMETALS, or METALLOIDS. (102) Identify the physical properties of each group of elements. COLOR the table to identify the location of each group. Nonmetals are brittle, insulators, and dull in luster. Metals are malleable, ductile, good conductors, and lustrous. (103,104) METALS METALLOIDS Metalloids share properties of metals and nonmetals and are semiconductors. (115) NONMETALS (118) Define key PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of the Periodic Table. luster - The ability of a metal to reflect light. ductility - The ability of a substance to be pulled into thin wires. malleability - The ability of a substance to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets. semiconductor - The ability of a substance to conduct electricity at high temps, but not at low temps. 6.7A ENERGY RESOURCES Energy resources can be NONRENEWEABLE or RENEWABLE. (132) NONRENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES Nuclear Energy Oil Fossil Fuels Coal Natural Gas RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES Biomass Wind Solar Geothermal Hydropower
Complete the chart to identify the ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES of NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES. (135,137) FOSSIL FUELS NUCLEAR ENERGY ADVANTAGES Process of obtaining energy fairly easy and direct Inexpensive to transport A small amount of uranium produces a large amount of energy Well-run power plant does not produce pollution DISADVANTAGES Limited supply Process of obtaining fossil fuels disturbs environments Pollution Uranium, a nonrenewable resource, is used as fuel Waste materials are highly radioactive and dangerous Complete the chart to identify the ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES of RENEWABLE RESOURCES. (148) SOLAR ENERGY ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Less energy produced on cloudy days No energy produced at night High cost of solar cells Requires a large surface area to collect and produce energy on a large scale WIND ENERGY Relatively inexpensive Large-scale use limited to areas with strong, steady winds Best sites for wind farms are far from urban areas and transmission lines Potential impact on bird populations WATER ENERGY Large-scale use limited to areas with fast-flowing rivers or great tidal differences Negative impact on aquatic systems Production of electricity affected by long periods of little or no rainfall GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Large-scale use limited to tectonically active areas Habitat disruption from drilling to build a power plant BIOMASS ENERGY Reduces amount of organic material discarded in landfills Air pollution results from burning some forms of biomass Less energy efficient than fossil fuels, costly to transport