Analysis of DNPH-derivatized Aldehydes and Ketones using the Agilent Infinity LC System with Diode Array Detector Application Note Author Sonja Schneider Agilent Technologies, Inc. Waldbronn, Germany [mau] 5 5 75 5 5 75 5 3 5 6 8 7 9 3 5 5 5 3 [min] Abstract Aldehydes and ketones are important compounds in the chemical industry. However, these compounds can be hazardous when released into the environment. This Application Note describes the successful analysis of 3 DNPH-derivatized aldehydes and ketones using the Agilent Infinity Gradient LC system with built-in diode-array detector (DAD). In combination with the Agilent Infinity Mobile Upgrade Kit, the system can be installed in a vehicle and measurements can be performed at different test sites. Using both.8-µm and 5-µm columns achieved excellent precision and linearity as well as low limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) for all carbonyl-containing compounds.
Introduction The environmental analysis of aldehydes and ketones is important due to the toxic and potentially carcinogenic nature of some of these carbonyl compounds. As combustion products from, for example, automotive exhaust or tobacco smoke, aldehydes and ketones are significant air pollutants and can also be detected in water and soil. Atmospheric carbonyl compounds are also created by thermal degradation of polymers in the plastic processing industry. Of all the atmospheric carbonyl compounds, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde are the most abundant. In addition, formaldehyde has the largest technical relevance because it an essential precursor for polymers and many other chemical compounds. It is also frequently used as disinfectant and preservative (for example, formalin). Also, acetaldehyde is one of the most important aldehydes because it is highly prevalent in nature and a significant compound in the chemical industry. Many other aldehydes and ketones are also found in the chemical industry, for example, in rubber, synthetic resin, and plastic production. The determination of aldehydes and ketones in several environmental matrices is mostly conducted with high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection based on the derivatization of the carbonyl compounds with,-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). This Application Note presents the analysis of DNPH-derivatized aldehydes and ketones using the Infinity Gradient LC system with built-in DAD. As an integrated, binarygradient liquid chromatography (LC) system with a pressure range of up to 6 bar, 5-µm and.8-µm columns could be deployed due to the ultra- HPLC (UHPLC) capabilities of the system. Using the Infinity LC Mobile Upgrade Kit, the following application can be carried out in a mobile laboratory. Experimental Instrumentation The Agilent Infinity Gradient LC System (G9B) was equipped with a dual-channel gradient pump with integrated degassing unit, autosampler, column compartment and diode array detector. For transportation, the system was mounted on a transportation plate, Agilent Infinity Mobile Upgrade Kit (G9A). Peak Substance Formaldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone Acetaldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone 3 Acrolein-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone Acetone-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone 5 Propionaldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone 6 Crotonaldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone 7 Methacrolein-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone 8 -Butanone-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone 9 Butyraldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone Benzaldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone Valeraldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone m-tolualdehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone 3 Hexaldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone Table Elution order of aldehyde and ketone mixture. Software Agilent OpenLAB CDS ChemStation Edition for LC & LC MS Systems, Rev. C.. [35] Agilent OpenLAB CDS 3D UV Add-On Software. Sample The mixture of aldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazones and ketone-,-dinitrophenylhydrazones was certified reference material from Sigma-Aldrich (Catalog No. 765-U) diluted in acetonitrile. In the mixture, each analyte had a concentration of 3 µg/ml of carbon. For analysis, the mixture was diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in a ratio of :. Table shows the elution order for all analytes depicted in all figures. Acetone and DMSO were LC grade. Fresh ultrapure water was obtained from a Milli-Q Integral system equipped with a.-µm membrane point-of-use cartridge (Millipak).
Chromatographic conditions Parameter Conditions (.6 mm id columns) Conditions (. mm id columns) Columns: Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C8,.6 5 mm, 5 µm (p/n 959993-9) Agilent ZORBAX RRHT Eclipse Plus C8,.6 5 mm,.8 µm (p/n 95999-9) Mobile Phase: A: Water B: Acetone Agilent ZORBAX RRHD Eclipse Plus C8,. 5 mm,.8 µm (p/n 959759-9) A: Water B: Acetone Flow rate:. ml/min.5 ml/min Gradient: minutes: 5 %B minutes: 53 %B 8 minutes: 67 %B 3 minutes: 67 %B 33 minutes: 95 %B minutes: 5 %B minutes: 53 %B 8 minutes: 67 %B 3 minutes: 67 %B 33 minutes: 95 %B Stop time: 3 minutes 3 minutes Post time: minutes minutes Injection volume: µl. µl Temperature: 5 C 5 C Detection: 36 nm/ nm Ref.: off Peak width >.5 minutes (.5 second response time, Hz) 36 nm/ nm Ref.: off Peak width >.5 minutes (.5 second response time, Hz) Results and Discussion The DNPH-derivatized aldehydes and ketones were separated using an Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C8,.6 5 mm, 5 µm column and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of retention times and areas was determined for six consecutive runs, see Figure. All RSDs of the retention times were below. %. The area precision was found to be below. %. In addition to the 3 carbonyl compounds, some impurities were detected. [mau] 8 6 3 Impurities 5 8 6 7 9 3 5 5 5 3 [min] Peak RSD RT (%) RSD Area (%).6.3.5.98 3.5.39.8.9 5.5. 6.. 7.9.68 8.5.7 9.9.3.5.68..36..88 3.3.39 Figure Six consecutive runs of DNPH-derivatized aldehydes and ketones separated on an Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C8,.6 5 mm, 5 µm column at 9 bar. 3
The same sample was also separated using a ZORBAX RRHT Eclipse Plus C8,.6 5 mm,.8 µm column at a higher pressure of bar. The RSD of retention times and areas was determined for six consecutive runs, see Figure. [mau] 8 6 8 6 3 5 6 8 7 9 3 Impurities 5 5 5 3 [min] Peak RSD RT (%) RSD area (%).5.56.5.63 3.78.38.8.3 5.8.3 6.5.89 7.6.35 8.63.33 9.77.83.8.87.65.8.7.39 3.58.33 Figure Six consecutive runs of DNPH-derivatized aldehydes and ketones separated on an Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C8,.6 5 mm,.8 µm column at bar. The precision of retention times and areas were found similar to those achieved with the 5-µm column. All RSDs of the retention times were below.6 %. The area precisions were found to be below. %. Using sub-two µm columns, an improvement in resolution was visible by a factor of approximately two, especially visible for peak and, see Figure and Table. Peak Resolution (5-µm columns) Resolution (.8-µm columns) -.5.35 3 8..5.88.78 5. 3.3 6.89.7 7.8 3.75 8.58.6 9.9 3.89 3.33 6..9 3.68.9.55 3. 3. Table Improvement in resolution from 5-µm to.8-µm columns.
Using the ZORBAX RRHT Eclipse Plus C8.6 5 mm,.8 µm column, the linearity, LOD and LOQ were determined for a dilution series of the DNPH-derivatized aldehydes and ketones from 3 µg/ml down to ng/ml. An excellent correlation was found for all carbonyl-containing compounds. All correlation curves showed very high linearity with correlation factors of or.99999, see Table 3. Compound Correlation coefficient Formaldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone Acetaldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone.99999 Acrolein-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone Acetone-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone Propionaldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone Crotonaldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone Methacrolein-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone -Butanone-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone Butyraldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone Benzaldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone Valeraldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone m-tolualdehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone.99999 Hexaldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone Table 3 Correlation factors of all carbonyl components. 5
Figure 3 shows the correlation curves of four of the compounds together with the response factors, which were in the ± 5 % deviation range. Area 6 5 3 567 Acetaldehyde Area = 8.366376 Amt +.5687 Rel. Res. % (7): _ 33.89 Correlation:.99999 3 3 Amount [ng/µl] Response factors 6.E- 5.6E- 5.E-.8E- 37 333, 3, ng/ml ± 5% Area Propionaldehyde Area = 5.95 Amt +.3795 Rel. Res. % (7): _ 8.68 Correlation:. 5 3 3 567 3 Amount [ng/µl] Response factors 6.8E- 6.E- 6.E- 5.6E- 5.E- 37 333, 3, ng/ml ± 5% Area -Butanone Area = 6.355 Amt +.559 Rel. Res. % (7): _ 3. Correlation:. 5 3 3 567 3 Amount [ng/µl] Response factors 6.8E- 6.E- 6.E- 5.6E- 5.E- 37 333, 3, ng/ml ± 5% Area Valeraldehyde Area =.63659 Amt +.5696 Rel. Res. % (7): _ 3.36 Correlation:. 35 3 5 5 5 3 567 3 Amount [ng/µl] Response factors.e- 9.6E- 9.E- 8.8E- 8.E- 8.E- 37 333, 3, ng/ml ± 5% Figure 3 Linearity of four of the carbonyl compounds. 6
The LOD and LOQ were evaluated from the concentration of aldehydes and ketones required to give a signal-to-noise ratio of at least 3 and, respectively. Table displays the LOD and LOQ for all the components. Figure shows the separation of the carbonyl compounds on a narrow bore ZORBAX RRHD Eclipse Plus C8,. x 5 mm,.8 µm column. With this setup, it was possible to save approximately 8 % of sample and mobile phase due to the adjustment of injection volume and flow rate to. id columns. Conclusions DNPH-derivatized aldehydes and ketones were successfully analyzed using the Agilent Infinity Gradient LC with DAD using 5-µm as well as.8-µm columns under UHPLC conditions. Excellent values for precision and linearity were achieved together with low LODs and LOQs for all carbonyl components. Although the Infinity Gradient LC is designed for.6 id columns, applications using. id columns are possible under nonfast gradient conditions. Compound LOD [pg] LOQ [pg] Formaldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone 8 6 Acetaldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone 5 5 Acrolein-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone 9 63 Acetone-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone 8 6 Propionaldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone 79 Crotonaldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone 9 96 Methacrolein-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone 37 -Butanone-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone 5 85 Butyraldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone 3 Benzaldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone 38 Valeraldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone 38 7 m-tolualdehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone 7 56 Hexaldehyde-,-dinitrophenylhydrazone 3 5 Table LOD and LOQ for all carbonyl components. [mau] 5 5 75 5 5 3 5 6 7 8 9 3 Impurities 75 5 5 5 5 3 [min] Figure DNPH-derivatized aldehydes and ketones using an Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C8,. 5 mm,.8 µm. 7
www.agilent.com/chem/ Agilent Technologies, Inc., 3 Published in the USA, January, 3 Publication Number 599-55EN