PREFACE You will find this book interesting: Chemistry concepts presented in a diagrammatic form. Specially written to ease learning and to stimulate interest in Chemistry, this book will help students in acquiring and reinforcing Chemistry concepts, and especially the difficult ones, more easily and effectively. This book makes learning easier through the following features: Learning Outcomes Learning outcomes on the header point out the concepts that you should focus on in the process of learning. Important Concepts and Key Terms The important concepts and key terms are presented clearly in simple language. Further explanations linked to the diagrams help you better understand the concepts. Interesting Visuals Visual aids such as concept maps, flow charts and annotated diagrams are integrated to make the concepts easier to understand and remember. Real-life examples These examples show real-life application of concepts and explain the inquiries on the phenomena that happen in our everyday lives. Worked Examples Step-by-step worked examples help to reinforce your skills in solving problems involving calculations. Instant Facts These are extra information that can help you acquire a more in-depth understanding of the topic under discussion. This book complements the school curriculum and will certainly help in your preparation for the examinations. The Editorial Team
CONTENTS The Periodic Table of Elements Section 1: Experimental Chemistry 1 Introduction to Chemistry 1 1.1 Understanding Chemistry and Its Importance 2 1.2 Analysing Scientific Method 5 2 Experimental Chemistry 1 2.1 Understanding Measurement 7 2.2 Describing Methods of Purification and Analysis 8 Section 2: Atomic Structure and Stoichiometry 3 The Structure of the Atom 13 3.1 Understanding Matter 15 3.2 Describing the Atomic Structure 20 3.3 Defining Isotopes 23 3. Realizing the Importance of Isotopes 2 3.5 Describing the Electronic Structure of an Atom 25 The Mole Concept, Chemical Formulae and Equations 13.1 Defining Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular Mass 26.2 Relating the Mole and the Number of Particles 27.3 Relating the Mole and the Mass of Substances 28. Relating the Mole and the Volume of Gas 29.5 Determining Chemical Formulae 31.6 Constructing Chemical Equations 33 5 Chemical Bonds 1 5.1 Describing Formation of Compounds 35 5.2 Forming Ionic Bonds 36 5.3 Forming Covalent Bonds 39 5. Comparing the Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds 3 5.5 Summarising Properties of Ionic and Covalent Structures 7
Section 3: Chemistry of Reactions 6 Energy Changes 8 6.1 Describing Exothermic Reactions 51 6.2 Describing Endothermic Reactions 52 7 Speed of Reaction 8 7.1 Understanding Speed of Reaction 53 7.2 Explaining Factors That Affect the Speed of Reaction 56 7.3 Understanding Collision Theory 60 7. Investigating the Effect of a Given Variable on the Speed of a Reaction 6 8 Redox 9 8.1 Identifying Redox Reactions 69 8.2 Applying Redox Reactions 78 9 Acids and Bases 9 9.1 Understanding Acids and Bases 79 9.2 Understanding the ph Scale 83 9.3 Determining Concentration of Acids and Alkalis 8 9. Describing Neutralisation 85 10 Salts 50 10.1 Understanding Salts 88 10.2 Suggesting Methods of Preparing Salts 90 10.3 Describing Qualitative Analysis of Salts 96 Section : Periodicity 11 The Periodic Table 103 11.1 Understanding the Periodic Table 10 11.2 Describing the Periodic Patterns 106 11.3 Understanding the Group I Elements 108 11. Understanding the Group VII Elements 111 11.5 Understanding the Group 0 Elements 115 12 Metals 103 12.1 Understanding Metals and Alloys 118 12.2 Understanding the Reactivity Series of Metals 121 12.3 Describing the Extraction of Iron 125 12. Describing the Rusting of Iron 127
Section 5: Atmosphere 13 Air 129 13.1 Describing the Composition of Air 130 13.2 Discussing the Sources and Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants 131 13.3 Understanding Acid Rain 132 Section 6: Organic Chemistry 1 Organic Compounds 133 1.1 Understanding Organic Compounds 13 1.2 Understanding Fuels and Crude Oil 135 1.3 Understanding Homologous Series 136 1. Understanding Alkanes 137 1.5 Understanding Alkenes 10 1.6 Describing Hydrogenation 1 1.7 Describing Polymerisation 15 1.8 Comparing Alkanes and Alkenes 17 1.9 Understanding Alcohols 18 1.10 Understanding Carboxylic Acids 151
H 1 1 Hydrogen Li 3 7 Lithium Na 11 23 Sodium K 19 39 Potassium Rb 37 85 Rubidium Cs 55 133 Caesium He 2 Helium Ne 10 20 Neon Ar 18 0 Argon Kr 36 8 Krypton Xe 5 131 Xenon Rn 86 222 Radon Fr 87 223 Francium 1 I 0 2 II III IV V VI VII Transition elements 3 5 6 7 Be 9 Beryllium Mg 12 2 Magnesium Ca 20 0 Calcium Sr 38 88 Strontium Ba 56 137 Barium B 5 11 Boron Al 13 27 Aluminium Ga 31 70 Gallium In 9 115 Indium Tl 81 20 Thallium C 6 12 Carbon Si 1 28 Silicon Ge 32 73 Germanium Sn 50 119 Tin Pb 82 207 Lead N 7 1 Nitrogen P 15 31 Phosphorus As 33 75 Arsenic Sb 51 122 Antimony Bi 83 209 Bismuth O 8 16 Oxygen S 16 32 Sulphur Se 3 79 Selenium Te 52 128 Tellurium Po 8 210 Polonium F 9 19 Fluorine Cl 17 35.5 Chlorine Br 35 80 Bromine I 53 127 Iodine At 85 210 Astatine Ra 88 226 Radium Cr 2 52 Chromium Mo 2 96 Molybdenum W 7 18 Tungsten Sg 106 262 Seaborgium Mn 25 55 Manganese Tc 3 98 Technetium Re 75 186 Rhenium Bh 107 262 Bohrium Fe 26 56 Iron Ru 101 Ruthenium Os 76 190 Osmium Hs 108 265 Hassium Co 27 59 Cobalt Rh 5 103 Rhodium Ir 77 192 Iridium Mt 109 266 Meitnerium Ni 28 59 Nickel Pd 6 106 Palladium Pt 78 195 Platinum Ds 110 281 Darmstadtium Cu 29 6 Copper Ag 7 108 Silver Au 79 197 Gold Uuu 111 272 Zn 30 65 Zinc Cd 8 112 Cadmium Hg 80 201 Mercury Uub 112 277 V 23 51 Vanadium Nb 1 93 Niobium Ta 73 181 Tantalum Db 105 260 Dubnium Ti 22 8 Titanium Zr 0 91 Zirconium Hf 72 178 Hafnium Rf 10 257 Rutherfordium Sc 21 5 Scandium Y 39 89 Yttrium La 57 139 Lanthanum Ac 89 227 Actinium Ce 58 10 Cerium Pr 59 11 Praeseodymiun Yb 70 173 Ytterbium Lu 71 175 Lutetium Eu 63 152 Europium Gd 6 157 Gadolinium Tb 65 159 Terbium Dy 66 162 Dysprosium Ho 67 165 Holmium Er 68 167 Erbium Tm 69 169 Thulium Sm 62 150 Samarium Pm 61 17 Promethium Nd 60 1 Neodymium Th 90 232 Thorium Lanthanides Actinides Metal Key: Semi-metal Non-metal Pa 91 231 Protactinium No 102 25 Nobelium Lr 103 257 Lawrencium Am 95 23 Americium Cm 96 27 Curium Bk 97 27 Berkelium Cf 98 29 Californium Es 99 25 Einsteinium Fm 100 25 Fermium Md 101 256 Mendelevium Pu 9 22 Plutonium Np 93 237 Neptunium U 92 238 Uranium He 2 Helium Proton number Name of the element Symbol of the element Relative atomic mass The Periodic Table of Elements The Periodic Table of Elements
1.1 Understanding Chemistry and Its Importance What is Chemistry? Laboratories Chemicals The study of the composition, structure, properties and interactions of matter Chemistry Paper Food Common chemicals around us Medicines Stones 2
1.1 Understanding Chemistry and Its Importance Chemistry Related Careers Biochemist Aqua culturist Bacteriologist Pharmacists Engineer Pathologist Chemistry Related Careers Nutritionist Horticulturist Scientist Geologist Food technologist Doctor INSTANT FACTS The chemistry related career that involves the study of growing flowers, fruit or vegetables is horticulturist. The chemistry related career that involves the study of the origin, history and structure of Earth is geologist. 3
1.1 Understanding Chemistry and Its Importance The Contributions of Chemistry-based Industries Improve health and standard of living Contribute to economy of the country The Contributions of Chemistry-based Industries Provide jobs to people Support other industries INSTANT FACTS Chemical industries play an important role in the development of our country. These industries include steel industries, food industries, water treatment industries and polymer industries. The contributions of chemistry-based industries in our country include creating job opportunities, increasing export earning, improving health and standard of living and support other industries.