Days: 7% (14) Unit 1: Chemistry of Life Text: Chapter 2, 6 Aug 9 Aug 26 Top 100 Topics Objectives Activities/ Assessments 1. Basics of Matter 2. Properties of Water 3. Functional Groups and Bonding 4. Carbohydrates 5. Proteins 6. Lipids 7. Energy and Enzymes 8. Chemical Reactions List and explain the steps of the scientific method. Define elements and compounds, and give examples of each. Name the 6 most significant elements in living things. Define an atom and its physical characteristics - symbol, number, and mass. Identify the parts of an atom (subatomic particles) and the important characteristics of those parts - mass, charge, location. Define the three types of bonding - ionic, covalent, and hydrogen. Give examples and construct diagrams. Define the Bohr model of atoms, the octet rule, and diagram both elements and simple compounds with electron shell notation. Explain the differences between an element, its ion, and its isotope. Give common examples and their real-life application. Draw the structure of water, including bonding and electrons. Describe how the following properties of water make it important for life: high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, solvent, cohesive and adhesive molecules, high surface tension. Define the ph scale and mathematically calculate hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentrations and the corresponding ph. Give examples and importance of acids, bases, and buffers in living organisms. Identify the properties and characteristics of a carbon atom, including shape and bonding possibilities. Identify the major classes of functional groups and related compounds. Draw their structures. Compare and contrast their interactions with water, function in biological structures, polarity, and acidity. Identify the 4 major classes of organic molecules. Describe their structure, function, types, and biological importance. Define and give examples of the following types of reactions: dehydration, hydrolysis, oxidationreduction, anabolism, catabolism, exergonic, endergonic Define enzymes, draw and label an enzymesubstrate complex, give examples and factors affecting enzymatic speed - concentrations, temperature, ph, cofactors, competition, inhibition Define specific types of energy: kinetic, potential, chemical, mechanical Define the two laws of thermodynamics, and their relationship to energy in a biological system AP 2: Enzyme Catalysis AH Demonstrator 4A
Days: 18% (29) Unit 2: Cells Text: Chapter 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 Aug 29 Oct 7 Top 100 Topics Objectives Activities/ Assessments 9. Bacteria cells 10. Cell organelles 11. Microscopy 12. Cell membranes 13. Cytoskeleton 14. Diffusion and Osmosis 15. Facilitated and Active Transport 16. Cell Surfaces (junctions) 17. Cell cycle 18. Mitosis 19. ATP 20. Fermentation 21. Cellular Respiration 22. Photosynthesis 23. C4/CAM photosynthesis 24. Meiosis 25. Gametogenesis Define a cell in terms of cell theory. Discuss the significance of surface-area-tovolume ratio in a cell. Compare and contrast the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Analyze cellular processes and their relationship to the structure of the cell, creating models for major processes: protein synthesis, respiration, photosynthesis, secretion, movement. Draw, label, and explain the functions of the cellular anatomy of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (plant and animal). List and describe the methods of molecule passage in and out of cells: Diffusion, facilitated transport, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis. Describe cell behavior and regulation in isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions. Discuss the process of photosynthesis, including location, molecules, and reactions. Compare and contrast the different types of photosynthesis: C3, C4, and CAM Discuss the process of respiration, including location, molecules, and reactions. Compare and contrast the efficiency of respiration and fermentation. Describe the phases of the cell cycle, and the checkpoints that control the process. Describe and draw a cell during each stage of mitosis. Compare and contrast cell division in animal, plant, and prokaryotic cells. Describe the characteristics of cancer cells and its relationship with the cell cycle. Describe and draw a cell in each stage of meiosis I and II. Compare three ways that cells ensure genetic variation through their method and timing - recombination, independent assortment, fertilization Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Describe and draw the process of both spermatogenesis and oogenesis in humans. Identify the times in the human life cycle where mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization take place. AP 1: Diffusion and Osmosis AP 4: Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis AP 3: Mitosis and Meiosis AP 5: Cell Respiration AH Demonstrator 4B
Days: 8% (11) Unit 3: Genetics Text: Chapter 10, 11, 12 Oct 17 Oct 31 Top 100 Topics Objectives Activities/ Assessments 26. Punnett squares 27. Mendelian patterns of inheritance 28. Nonmendelian patterns of inheritance 29. Chromosomes 30. Genetic disorders 31. Chromosomal disorders Describe Gregor Mendel s experiments using pea plants, comparing and contrasting with other research of the same time period. State the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. Perform monohybrid, dihybrid, one trait, and two trait crosses using punnett squares, and analyze the genotypes and phenotypes of the resulting offspring. Using test crosses and punnett squares, mathematically calculate the probability of inheriting various genetic traits. Analyze and evaluate pedigree diagrams involving human genetic disorders, and predict the genotype and phenotype of offspring/parents. Describe common human genetic disorders: gene location, dominant/recessive, symptoms, frequency in population. Compare and contrast complete, incomplete, and co - dominance. State the chromosomal theory of inheritance. Describe human genetic disorders linked to the x-chromosome, y chromosome, or changes in sex chromosome number. Explain gene linkage and construct chromosome maps given data from crossing over in offspring alleles. Describe genetic disorders based on chromosomal mutations due to change in the number or structure of chromosomes. Give chromosomal mutation, symptoms, frequency in population. AP 7: Genetics of Organisms
Days: 9% (15) Unit 4: DNA Text: Chapter 13, 14, 15, 16 Nov 1 Nov 22 Top 100 Topics Objectives Activities/ Assessments 32. DNA structure 33. DNA Replication 34. DNA Transcription 35. DNA Translation 36. Gene regulation 37. Gene mutations 38. Viruses 39. Biotechnology Discuss early experiments and history of discovering DNA. Describe the structure of DNA, including nucleotide composition, Chargoff s rules, double-helix model, and base pairing rules. Draw DNA, showing the double helix, sugar phosphate backbone, complimentary base pairing, and bonding. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication. Describe gene expression as it produces amino acids, including transcription and translation. Investigate the role of regulators in gene expression: promoters, operators, operons, structural controls. Compare and contrast gene regulation in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Describe types and causes of genetic mutations, and identify common human mutations. Outline the process of DNA cloning and other DNA technologies, discussing both the processes and the ethical and medical implications. AP 6: Molecular Biology AH Demonstrator 4A
Days: 8% (13) Unit 5: Evolution Text: Chapter 17, 18, 19 Nov 28 Dec 14 Top 100 Topics Objectives Activities/ Assessments 40. Natural Selection requirements 41. Natural Selection types 42. Evidence for evolution 43. Hardy- Weinberg 44. Speciation 45. Origin of Life 46. Geological time scale Discuss the history of evolutionary thought, including major contributions from philosophers and scientists up to Darwin. Outline Darwin s theory of evolution, observations of Galapagos turtles and finches, natural selection, and adaptation. Describe evidence for evolution, including fossils, biogeography, anatomy, and biochemistry. Describe the conditions of the Hardy-Weinburg principle, and calculate percentages for populations in Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium. Discuss the causes of microevolution. Describe the requirements of evolution by natural selection, and the possible types of selection. Compare and contrast microevolution and macroevolution. Describe modes of speciation, and the reproductive isolating mechanisms that contribute to speciation. Compare and contrast major theories regarding the origin of life on Earth, as well as research and experiments supporting those hypotheses. Describe the process of fossilization and the process of fossil dating. Outline the geological time scale, including significant events and time frames. AP 8: Population Genetics and Evolution
Days: 32% (48) Unit 6: Organisms Text: Chapter 20-32 Jan 4 Mar 7 Top 100 Topics Objectives Activities/ Assessments 47. Classification systems 48. Bacteria 49. Archae 50. Protists 51. Fungi 52. Plants characteristics/classific ation 53. Invertebrate characteristics/classific ation 54. Vertebrate characteristics/classific ation 55. Human Evolution 56. Plant leaves 57. Plant roots 58. Plant stems 59. Plant nutrition 60. Plant water transport 61. Plant tropisms 62. Plant hormones 63. Plant flowers 64. Plant life cycle 65. Plant seeds/fruit 66. Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora 67. Invertebrates: Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida 68. Invertebrates: Mollusca 69. Invertebrates: Arthropoda 70. Vertebrates: Cephalochordata, Urochordata 71. Vertebrates: Agnatha 72. Vertebrates: Chondrichthyes 73. Vertebrates: Osteichthyes 74. Vertebrates: Amphibia 75. Vertebrates: Reptilia 76. Vertebrates: Aves 77. Vertebrates: Mammalia Define the binomial nomenclature system, as well as the major categories of classification in taxonomy. Describe the three main schools of systematics: cladistic, phenetic, and traditional, and interpret their respective diagrams. Interpret and draw a cladogram. Describe the three-domain system and major differences between the domains. Describe the main characteristics of each domain. Describe the major kingdoms and representative organisms. Compare and contrast characteristics of different kingdoms. AP 9: Transpiration AP 11: Animal Behavior AH Demonstrator 4A
Days: 8% (22) Unit 7: Comparative Anatomy Text: Chapter 33-45 Mar 8 Apr 13 Top 100 Topics Objectives Activities/ Assessments 78. Anatomy: Tissues 79. Anatomy: Blood 80. Anatomy: Senses 81. Anatomy: Circulatory 82. Anatomy: Respiratory 83. Anatomy: Immunity 84. Anatomy: Digestive 85. Anatomy: Excretory 86. Anatomy: Nervous 87. Anatomy: Skeletal 88. Anatomy: Muscular 89. Anatomy: Endocrine 90. Anatomy: Reproductive 91. Anatomy: Embryonic Development 92. Anatomy: Fetal Development Identify the levels of organization: cells-tissuesorgans-organ systems-organism. Discuss the four major tissue types, their location, structure, and function: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous. Describe the major organ systems and related processes. Define homeostasis and the role of organ systems in its maintenance. For each system, describe in detail its a. Location b. Structures/organs (draw and label) c. Function d. Differences between invertebrate, vertebrate, human e. Cell and tissue types f. Pathways (discuss and draw) g. Diseases and medical implications Systems 1. Circulatory 2. Lymph 3. Digestive 4. Respiratory 5. Excretory 6. Nervous 7. Sensory 8. Musculoskeletal 9. Endocrine Describe asexual and sexual reproduction. Describe the male and female reproductive systems, including structures, functions, hormones, diseases, and reproductive control. Outline the stages of fertilization and early embryonic development. Identify the germ layers and the analogous adult structures. Discuss human fetal development from implantation, through the three trimesters, describing a major timeline of events and the stages of birth. Debate the issue of nature versus nurture. Define learning, and compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning. Describe means of animal communication. AP 10: Physiology of the Circulatory System
Days: 10% (15) Unit 8: Ecology Text: Chapter 46-50 Apr 16 May 4 Top 100 Topics Objectives Activities/ Assessments 93. Population growth 94. Ecosystems 95. Learning 96. Behavior 97. Interactions 98. Biogeochemical cycles 99. Energy Flow 100. Conservation Describe the abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem. Diagram the four major biogeochemical cycles: nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, and water. Diagram the energy flow in an ecosystem through food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramids. List the major biomes, including their location, temperatures, precipitation levels, seasons, animal and plant types. Describe species interactions in a community, including competition, predation, parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. Define ecological succession and describe different proposed models of succession. Describe factors that influence diversity, including predation, competition, new species. Define patterns and limiting factors for population density and distribution. Describe and diagram patterns of population growth, including survivorship curves and age distributions. Identify the two mathematical models for population growth, including calculating growth using formulas, drawing curves on a graph, and defining requirements necessary to produce each result. Compare and contrast density-independent and density-dependent factors in regulation of populations. Discuss the history and future of human population growth, including its impact on the environment and the pros/cons and methods of limiting further population growth. Define biodiversity and its value to the world. List environmental problems caused by human interaction, and evaluate current and proposed methods of dealing with these problems. AP 12: Dissolved Oxygen and Aquatic Primary Productivity AH Demonstrator 4A, 4B Mar 16 May 11: Review all topics for AP Exam; Individual research and presentation projects