Aggregates: beds formed by deposition 81,82 breakup by fluid shear, introduction 85,86 deposition from flowing water 80 implications in cohesive sediment transport 102-105 needs for further research 83 quasi-steady coagulation with breakup 95-102 significance of properties to transport, introduction 66,67 size distribution dynamics in nonsteady emulsion 93-95 steady state droplet sizes 86-88 steady state size during breakup 88-93 suspended aggregate properties 68-79 Aggregation (see Aggregates) Biota and erosion influence (see also Bioturbation): algae mat communities 258 diatom species, effect 257 enhanced stability, laboratory studies 256 growth on glass beads 256,257 intertidal accretion and erosion, field studies 259 introduction 251,252 rotating channel study 257,258 Biota in sediment (see also Biota and erosion influence; Bioturbation): adhesive secretions 256 biota and organic matter 252-254 bubble formation 255 living sediments, description 252-255 ~ ~5 physico-chemical properties 254,255 Redox potential 254,255 Bioturbation: animal tubes 263 Barnstable Sound study 261 Buzzards Bay study 260 feces and pseudo-feces 262,263 flume and field studies 260,261 Long Island Sound study 260,261 tracks and trails 262 Bottom boundary layer modeling: current model 363,364 current-wave model 368-373 deposition model 378-385 effect of sediment 373 environmental turbulence 388 equations of motion 399,400 erosion and deposition models 373-385 erosion model 375-378 flocculation-effect on deposition 391 flocculation model 386-391 introduction 360-363 Mississippi Sound study 386 model review 363-373 particle size distribution, evolution 392-394
470 resistance: canopy 383-385 hydrodynamic 379-381 sublayer 381-383 sediment-eddy interaction 389-391 wave model 365-368 Characterization of soils using electrical properties: experimental procedure 209-211 experimental results and discussion 211-216 influence: pore fluid concentration 212-214 Sodium Adsorption Ratio 215,216 soil type 212-214 solid concentration 211,212 instrument accuracy 217 method of measurement 210,211 potential applications 216-218 Cohesive sediment behavior, engineering purposes: cohesive boundary 275-277 erosion and deposition 277,278 introduction and objectives 270-272 models 272-274 suspensions 275 Cohesive sediment characterization (see also Characterization of soils using electrical properties; Cohesive sediment parameterization): aggregation and settling velocities 302-306 bed properties 297-302 deposition 306-311 dispersive transport 318 erosion 315,316 fluid properties 294-297 introduction 290,291 model simulation 318,319 sediment and fluid 291-302 sediment bed 316,317 sediment properties 292-294 settling velocity measurement 311-315 transport parameters 302-319 Cohesive sediment parameterization: bed levels and velocity field 281-286 concentration (mass and volumetric) 278-281 ultrasound scans 281-286 Cohesive sediment transport: continuum mechanics approach: discussion 452,453 introduction 429,430 fundamental framework for dynamics, introduction 219,220 introduction 1-3 nature of cohesive sediments 220-223 state-of-the-art summary 467,468 Consolidation (see Cohesive sediment characterization; Sediment bed description; Sediment bed modeling; Suspensions - transition to bed)
471 Density measurement: bed referenced gauges 208 bottom sensors 208 fathometers 207 field probe design, tentative 217,218 introduction to an electrical method 206-208 Deposition (see also Cohesive sediment characterization; Cohesive sediment transport; Settling behavior; Settling velocity; Suspensions - vertical transport): deposition behavior 226-241 Engineering Research Application (see also Characterization of soils using electrical properties; Waterways Experiment Station) Erosion (see also Wave-induced erosion): effects: change in chemical environment 26,27 chemical composition 22-30 conditions 7 dredging 21, 22 estuary, introduction 5,6 geological 18-20 increased interaction time 23-26 particle size and composition 30-32 problems in study 7-10 sediment mixing 27-30 erosion process 223-226 open questions 36 response: annual seasonal effects 17,18 currents 12-16 neap and spring tides 16,17 resuspension of deposited muds 243-248 spatial distribution, example 32-35 temporal and spatial characteristics 10-21 wave influence 20,21 Flow-sediment interaction (see also Wave-mud interaction): stochastic model 241-243 Mixture theory: applications 437-443 background 430,431 balance equations 432,433 constitutive equations 433-437 kinematics 431,432 Modeling (see Bottom boundary layer modeling; Non-local models; Sediment bed modeling; Wave-mud interaction) Muddy coasts: morphology 402,403 wave-bottom interaction 403 Newly-deposited sediments: observed concentrations 188,189 transport theory approach 189
472 Non-local models: applications 446-452 background 443,444 constitutive equations 445,446 formulation 444,445 Resuspension (see erosion) Rheology (see also Aggregates; Cohesive sediment characterization; Suspensions): clay suspensions 118-122 erosion 122,123 montmorillonite suspensions 121,122 Na-kaolinite suspensions 118-120 Sediment bed description: bed structure 331-342 consolidation theories 330,331 formulation and consolidation 328,329 shear strength 329 swelling and permeability 329,330 Sediment bed modeling: bed model 342-352 consolidation algorithm 345-349 erosion algorithm 349-352 introduction 326-328 schematization 342-344 verification and application 352-356 Settling behavior: discussion 164-168 experimental results 152-164 grain size dynamics 158-164 introduction 151,152 previous work 152-155 shaking experiments 155-157 Settling velocity (see also Settling behavior): cohesion 129 comparison of values 145-147 effect: concentration 134-137 particle size 137,138 salinity 138-141 settling height 143,144 temperature 144 tidal range/turbulence 141-143 field measurement, introduction 126-129 flocculation 128 general equation 144,145 interparticle collision 128 need for relevant equations 126,127 Owen tube 129-132 settling process 127,128 Thames Estuary measurements 133-145
473 Suspensions: application of stratification diagram to field observations 179-181 bed flux estimation and method limitation 181-183 clay particle interactions 116-118 energy dissipation 112-116 mechanical response 111,112 rheology, introduction 110,111 stratification diagram 178,179 Suspensions - dense: settling velocities 185 transport equations 186,187 transport theory and laboratory experiments 187 Suspensions - transition to bed: discussion of experimental results 202-204 effective stress 197,198 experimental details 195-197 experimental results 198-202 introduction 192,193 soil/water system, characterization 193,194 traditional soil model 194,195 Suspensions - vertical transport: analysis and problems, methods 171-174 analytic models 173,174 concentration, vertical variations 172 governing equations 172,173 introduction 170,171 numerical models and results (for turbulent suspensions) 174-178 Waterways Experiment Station: applied research 456-458 Atchafalaya Bay study 461-464 fine-grained shoaling 456,457 future directions 463-465 integrated hydrographic survey systems 457 Kill van Kull study 459-461 Kings Bay study 458,459 numerical modeling 457,458 site-specific studies 458-463 Terrebonne Marshes study 463 Wave attenuation: observations from Surinam 47-52,64,65 previous studies 45-47 Wave-induced erosion: previous studies 52-54 observations from Louisiana and Surinam 54-57,64,65