Centre Number Candidate Number Name UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 8291/01 Paper 1 Lithosphere and Atmosphere October/November 2006 Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper 1 hour 30 minutes READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer one question from this section. Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper; 2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite. Section A 1 2 Section B Total This document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page. SP (CW/CGW) T07542/3 [Turn over
2 Section A Answer all questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is a simple classification of resources. Resources non-renewable renewable recyclable Fig. 1.1 (i) Define the terms non-renewable and renewable resource....[2] (ii) Name an example of a non-renewable resource that would be used to provide for each of the following: 1. electricity... 2. road construction... 3. a car body...[3] (iii) Identify a renewable resource that could be used to provide electricity....[1] Briefly explain how this resource could be used to provide electricity....[1]
(b) Fig. 1.2 shows the consumption of resources in rich and poor nations. 3 consumption of resources 20 % share 60 % share 20 % share total consumption cars paper telephone connections electricity total energy meat fish cereals key: rich nations medium wealth poorer nations Fig. 1.2 Describe how the consumption of resources in rich nations is different from that in poor nations...................[3] [Turn over
(c) Fig. 1.3 shows trends in world energy consumption of different energy sources. 4 250 World energy consumption by energy source 1970-2020. 200 oil energy / 10 18 J 150 100 natural gas coal 50 renewables nuclear 0 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Fig. 1.3 (i) Describe the trends in the consumption of energy shown in Fig. 1.3....[2] (ii) Suggest two reasons why the consumption of natural gas will exceed that of coal from 2005....[2]
(iii) (iv) 5 Why is it likely that renewable and nuclear energy consumption will remain relatively low?...[2] Outline two possible environmental consequences of a continuation in these trends in energy consumption....[4] [20 marks] [Turn over
2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows a summer anticyclonic weather system that developed over the west coast of the USA. 6 LOW 1008mb W HIGH X Los Angeles 1012 mb PACIFIC OCEAN Fig. 2.1 (i) Insert the values 1016 mb and 1000 mb in their correct locations in Fig. 2.1. [2] (ii) (iii) Insert arrows at points W and X on Fig. 2.1 to show the horizontal direction of air movement in this anticyclone. [2] Describe the weather conditions that would be associated with this summer anticyclone....[3]
(iv) 7 Why are such weather systems relatively stable?...[2] (b) Fig. 2.2 shows weather conditions and atmospheric pollution over Los Angeles during a summer anticyclone. subsiding warm air San Gabriel Mountains warm air San Bernadino mountains cooler air Pacific Ocean smog Los Angeles smog Smog is a term used to describe a mixture of smoke and fog. Fig. 2.2 (i) Describe the possible cause of the smog resting over Los Angeles....[3] [Turn over
(ii) (iii) 8 Why does the atmospheric pollution over Los Angeles have difficulty in escaping under anticyclonic conditions?...[3] Identify and explain two effects of such pollution within urban areas....[5] [20 marks]
9 Section B Answer one question from this section. Answers must be in continuous prose. Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided. 3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows how precipitation and temperature affect the type and rate of rock weathering. variations of weathering with climate mean annual temperature / C -10 0 10 20 no land areas with these climatic conditions strong mechanical weathering moderate mechanical weathering moderate chemical weathering with frost action moderate chemical weathering slight mechanical weathering strong chemical weathering 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 very slight weathering 750 500 250 0 mean annual precipitation / mm Fig. 3.1 Describe how temperature and precipitation affect the type and rate of rock weathering in Fig. 3.1. [10] (b) With reference to examples you have studied, outline the causes and effects of land instability. How might such hazards be managed? [30] [40 marks] [Turn over
10 4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows how the weather conditions in a valley may change between late afternoon and early morning the next day. late afternoon incoming radiation warm air rising incoming radiation 7 C 12 C 7 C rising mists become clouds up-valley (anabatic) winds early morning cold air descending outgoing radiation outgoing radiation cold air descending 4 C 4 C 1 C fog down-valley (katabatic) winds Fig. 4.1 Describe and explain the changes in the weather conditions between late afternoon and early morning shown in Fig. 4.1. [10] (b) With reference to examples you have studied or experienced, describe the characteristics and effects of tropical cyclones. Assess the extent to which the effects of such weather hazards can be reduced. [30] [40 marks]
11 5 (a) Describe and explain two ways in which a natural process can cause environmental degradation in rural areas. [10] (b) Using named examples with which you are familiar, outline how the growth of urban areas may affect the environment of their surrounding regions. [30] [40 marks]
12 BLANK PAGE Copyright Acknowledgements: Question 4 Fig. 4.1 Copyright Oxford University Press, from Advanced Geography by Garrett Nagle (OUP, 2000), reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press. Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.