MASTERY CORE OBJECTIVES HIGH SCHOOL LIFE SCIENCE Overview: Life Science is a one-year course for students who learn best with extra time to approach the subject. The academic focus is to develop student reading, writing, processing and organizational skills. The scientific focus is to improve science vocabulary, scientific observation, inquiry, experimentation and analysis skills. Safety skills will be stressed each semester. The first semester introduces the cell, cell structures and functions, genetics and human heredity. The second semester includes evolution, a survey of the diversity of organisms, and ecology. Special attention will be given to local organisms, and traditional and contemporary relationships between humans and the environment. Scientific Process Skills * design experiments that require asking questions, developing hypotheses, collecting data, interpreting data and developing conclusions [9, 10, 11] SA1.1 * critically review current literature about scientific topics [10] SA1.2, [11] SA2.1 * use statistical and graphical techniques to describe data [10] SA1.2 * recognize the value of alternative explanations of data [11] SA1.2 SE/TE: 6-9, 20, 48, 54, 77, 102, 115, 122, 135, 164, 180, 298, 384, 626, 688, 852, 970 SE/TE: 16, 136, 261, 402, 493, 593, 831, 846, 874, 934 SE/TE: 20, 48, 77, 102, 115, 135, 164, 172, 216, 240, 251, 288, 294, 320, 327, 345, 381, 400, 429, 470 SE/TE: 20, 48, 77, 102, 115, 135, 164, 172, 216, 240, 251, 288, 294, 320, 327, 345, 381, 400, 429, 470 * practice formulating logical conclusions [9] SA1.2 SE/TE: 13, 36, 43, 67, 72, 108, 138, 155, 193, 203, 234, 264, 275, 283, 311, 315, 352, 367, 374, 395 * conduct literary and experimental research about current scientific issues [11] SA3.1 SE/TE: 16, 136, 261, 402, 493, 593, 831, 846, 874, 934 FIRST SEMESTER Cells * describe cell organelles and their functions [9] SC1.1, [10] SC2.2, [10] SE1.1, [9] SG2.1 * describe the general chemical reactions for photosynthesis and respiration [10] SC2.2 SE/TE: 193-202, 206, 207, 230, 231, 237, 256-259 SE/TE: 232, 251 1
* explain that photosynthesis converts solar energy to chemical energy in organisms [9] SC3.1, [10] SC2.2 * describe diffusion and osmosis and the importance of these processes for cells * recognize that cells use DNA to store information and manage cellular functions [9] SC1.1 * describe the process of cell division and its role in reproduction and multicellular organisms [11] SC1.1 * explain how differentiation in multi-cellular organisms is critical to their development [11] SC1.1 SE/TE: 230-242 SE/TE: 208-213, 218, 787, 795, 672 SE/TE: 336-354 SE/TE: 277-285, 323-330, 608, 698-699 SE/TE: 215, 292-297, 380-381, 382, 383, 668 Heredity * explain the relationships among DNA, genes, and chromosomes [9] SC1.1, [9] SC1.2 * recognize that all cells within a species carry a specific number of chromosomes [9] SC1.2, [10] SG2.1 * define mutations and explain how they occur [9] SC1.2, [10] SC1.3 * model basic Mendelian patterns of genetics using Punnett squares [9, 10] SC1.1, [9] SD1.1, [9] SG1.1 SE/TE: 279-280, 336-354 SE/TE: 323, 327, 392, 393 SE/TE: 372-376, 419, 420, 484, 491, 498, 499, 583 SE/TE: 315, 316, 317, 319 SECOND SEMESTER Evolution * describe how variation within species is maintained over time through the mutation of genes [10, 11] SC1.2, [9, 10] SC1.3 * describe how biological variation could allow a species to adapt when the environment changes [10] SC1.2 * describe how natural selection explains the current diversity of organisms [10] SC1.2, [11] SG3.1 SE/TE: 480-486, 498-502 2
* explain how the diversity of present species happened through natural selection [10] SC1.2, [11] SG3.1 * explain why fossils are evidence for natural selection [10, 11] SC1.2, [9] SC1.3, [9] SG1.1, [10] SG2.1 * describe how evolutionary relationships could be used to develop systems of classification [9] SA1.1, [9] SC2.1 SE/TE: 453, 466, 467, 538-545, 550 SE/TE: 510-528 Diversity of Organisms * describe the characteristics of major kingdoms of organisms * within each kingdom, describe how the anatomical characteristics can affect an organism s survival capabilities [11] SC1.1, [9, 10] SC2.1 * give examples of the relationship between structure and function in the major invertebrate phyla * describe how structure is related to function in vertebrate organ systems [9] SC2.3, [10] SC2.4 * explain how the diversity of life has arisen through evolutionary processes [9] SC1.3, [9] SC2.1 * use taxonomy to trace the diversity of a class of animals or plants [10] SC2.1 * know how local species differ from other related species of plants and animals due to environmental conditions [10] SC2.1, [11] SC2.2 SE/TE: 523-528, 1038-1098 SE/TE: 580-585, 606-609, 618-621, 634-638, 730-736 SE/TE: 730-744, 752-756 SE/TE: 780-800, 806-832 SE/TE: 480-502 SE/TE: 508-530 SE/TE: 494-497 Ecology * describe how organisms are linked to the nonliving parts of the Earth through energy cycles [9] SC3.1, [9] SC3.3 SE/TE: 79-88 3
* explain how living systems require a continuous input of energy due to a one-way flow of energy [9] SC3.1, [9] SC3.3 * describe how materials cycle through the living and nonliving parts of the environment [9] SB3.2 * diagram how matter and energy flow through different levels of organization in an ecosystem using food webs [10] SA1.1, [10] SC3.2 * give examples of how the life processes of organisms impact their physical environment [9] SC3.3, [10] SC3.1 * give examples of ecological relationships such as competition, predator/prey relationships and symbiosis [10] SC3.2 * explain how humans can alter the dynamics of ecosystems [11] SC3.2, [10] SE1.1, [9] SG2.1 * describe taxonomies and food webs of local plant and animal species that show their relationships [9] SC2.1, [9] SC3.3, [10] SC3.2 * give an example of why it is important, as a citizen, to be knowledgeable of current issues of natural resource use [11] SC3.2, [10] SE3.1 * describe specific ways in which indigenous peoples use local species [11] SE1.1, [9] SF1.1-1.3, [9] SG1.1 SE/TE: 69-88 SE/TE: 64-88 SE/TE: 73-78 SE/TE: 106-109, 130-146 SE/TE: 100-104, 137-146, 783 SE/TE: 154-180 SE/TE: 73-78, 510-515 SE/TE: 157-165 SE/TE: 166-172 4
BIOLOGY Overview: Biology is a rigorous one-year course for students with strong academic skills. The academic focus will include practicing independent acquisition of information from written sources and formally written scientific reports. Scientific skills will include practice in developing testable questions and hypotheses, development of independent experiments, data collection and analysis skills. The first semester will begin with the study of cells, cell organelles, protein synthesis and the study of heredity. Second semester will include the evolution, characteristics of multicellular organisms-with attention to organs and organ systems, and the diversity of organisms and ecology. Scientific Process Skills * design experiments that require asking questions, developing hypotheses, collecting data, interpreting data and developing conclusions [9, 10, 11] SA1.1 * critically review current literature about scientific topics [10] SA.1.2, [11] SA2.1 * use statistical and graphical techniques to describe data [10] SA1.2 * recognize the value of alternative explanations of data [11] SA1.2 SE/TE: 6-9, 20, 48, 54, 77, 102, 115, 122, 135, 164, 180, 298, 384, 626, 688, 852, 970 SE/TE: 16, 136, 261, 402, 493, 593, 831, 846, 874, 934 SE/TE: 20, 48, 77, 102, 115, 135, 164, 172, 216, 240, 251, 288, 294, 320, 327, 345, 381, 400, 429, 470 SE/TE: 20, 48, 77, 102, 115, 135, 164, 172, 216, 240, 251, 288, 294, 320, 327, 345, 381, 400, 429, 470 * practice formulating logical conclusions [9] SA1.2 SE/TE: 13, 36, 43, 67, 72, 108, 138, 155, 193, 203, 234, 264, 275, 283, 311, 315, 352, 367, 374, 395 * conduct literary and experimental research about current scientific issues [11] SA3.1 SE/TE: 16, 136, 261, 402, 493, 593, 831, 846, 874, 934 FIRST SEMESTER Cells * explain how chemical (chemical reactions) and physical (diffusion and osmosis) processes are related to cell function [10] SC2.2 * describe the characteristics of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids * describe cell organelles and their functions [10] SC2.2, [11] SC2.1 SE/TE: 50-54, 208-218, 235-242 SE/TE: 46-49, 200-201, 250-251, 280, 286, 288, 344, 403, 436 SE/TE: 196-207, 230-234, 254-264 5
* explain how cell functions are regulated through changes in protein activity * explain how photosynthesis traps solar energy and allows it to be used by organisms [9] SB3.1-3.3, [9] SC3.1 * describe the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration.[9] SC3.1 * explain how cells use DNA to store genetic information and manage cellular functions [9, 11] SC1.1, [9, 10] SG2.1 * describe the process of cell division and its role in reproduction and complex multicellular organisms [9] SA1.1 * explain why differentiation of cells is critical to the development of multicellular organisms [11] SC1.1 SE/TE: 52-53, 200-201, 208-213, 280, 370 SE/TE: 226-242 SE/TE: 253 SE/TE: 336-354 SE/TE: 277-285, 323-330, 608, 698-699 SE/TE: 215, 292-297, 380-381, 382, 383, 668 SECOND SEMESTER Heredity * explain the importance of DNA, genes, and proteins for organism structures and function [9, 11] SC1.1 * describe the role of chromosomes in gender determination [11] SC1.1 * define mutations and explain their role in biological variability [10] SC1.2 * model and interpret basic Mendelian patterns of genetics using Punnett squares [9] SC1.2, [10] SG2.1 SE/TE: 279-280, 336-354, 366-384 SE/TE: 393 SE/TE: 372-376, 419, 420, 484, 491, 498, 499, 583 SE/TE: 315, 316, 317, 319 Evolution * explain how the diversity of life has arisen through evolutionary processes [9] SC1.3, [9, 10] SG1.1 SE/TE: 480-502 6
* describe how variation within species is maintained over time through recombination and mutations of genes [10, 11] SC1.2, [10] SC1.3 * give examples of how biological variation could allow species adaptation when the environment changes [10, 11] SC1.2 * explain how variation within a species and natural selection could result in speciation or extinction [10, 11] SC1.2 * provide examples of how fossils and molecular similarities between species are evidence for natural selection [9] SC1.3, [11] SC1.2 * describe classification based on evolutionary relationships [9, 10] SC1.3 SE/TE: 480-486, 498-502 SE/TE: 453, 466, 467, 538-545, 550 SE/TE: 510-528 Diversity of Organisms * describe the major characteristics of the major kingdoms of organisms [9] SC2.1 * within each kingdom, describe how biochemical and anatomical characteristics can affect an organism s behavior, survival and reproductive capabilities [11] SC1.1, [9, 10] SC2.1 * explain how taxonomy is used to describe the diversity of phyla and classes [9] SC2.1 * use food webs of local plant and animal species that show ecological relationships [10] SC3.2 * describe how learned behaviors of organisms can affect the survival of organisms [11] SC2.2 * describe the structures, functions and interdependence of organ systems in vertebrate and invertebrate multicellular organisms [9, 10, 11] SC2.3, [10] SC2.4, [11] SC2.1 * explain how local species differ from related species of plants and animals due to extreme environmental conditions in the boreal biome [9, 11] SC3 SE/TE: 523-528, 1038-1098 SE/TE: 580-585, 606-609, 618-621, 634-638, 730-736 SE/TE: 508-530 SE/TE: 73-78, 510-515 SE/TE: 840-852 SE/TE: 946-1002 SE/TE: 114 7
Ecology * explain how organisms are linked to the nonliving parts of the Earth through energy uses [10] SB2.1 * describe how energy and materials cycle through the living and nonliving parts of the environment [9, 10] SC3.1 * explain that living systems require continuous input of energy due to entropy [9] SC3.1, [9] SC3.3 * explain how matter and energy flow through different levels of organization in an ecosystem [10] SC3.2, [9] SC3.3 * understand that the amount of life sustained in an environment depends on availability of matter and energy [9] SC3.3 * give examples of how the life processes of organisms impact their physical environment [9] SC3.3 * describe interactions between organisms in a community [10] SC3.2 * describe specific ways in which indigenous peoples use local species [9] SF1.1-1.3, [9] SG1.1, [11] SE1.1 * give examples of how humans can alter the structure and function of ecosystems [10, 11] SC1.2, [10, 11] SC3.1, [9, 10, 11] SC3.2 * give examples of why it is important, as a citizen, to be knowledgeable on current issues and policies of natural resource uses and their consequences [9, 10, 11] SE1.1, [10] SF1.1, [9, 10] SG1.1 SE/TE: 79-88 SE/TE: 64-88 SE/TE: 73-78 SE/TE: 73-78 SE/TE: 69-78 SE/TE: 106-109, 130-146 SE/TE: 99-104, 108-109, 130-141 SE/TE: 166-172 SE/TE: 154-180 SE/TE: 157-165 8
BIOTECHNOLOGY Overview: Biotechnology is a year-long, laboratory-based exploration of biological concepts in the context of occupational issues, societal concerns, and personal needs. Students will develop scientific skills for gathering background information for scientific investigations, and for development of testable questions and hypotheses. They will design experimental procedures, and performing data collection and analysis. The first semester focus will be on ecological principles such as biodiversity, interdependence of organisms, the human impact on the environment and growth of populations. Students will also investigate the various roles of microorganisms in the natural world, industrial processing and human health. In second semester, students will focus on cell functions and processes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Students will study the structure and function of DNA, Mendelian genetics and new technologies relevant to genetic engineering and evolution. Both semesters will relate science to work and common life experiences. Scientific Process Skills * design experiments that require asking questions, developing hypotheses, collecting data, interpreting data and developing conclusions [9, 10, 11] SA1.1 * critically review current literature about scientific topics [10] SA1.2, [11] SA2.1 * use statistical and graphical techniques to describe data [10] SA1.2 * recognize the value of alternative explanations of data [11] SA1.2 SE/TE: 6-9, 20, 48, 54, 77, 102, 115, 122, 135, 164, 180, 298, 384, 626, 688, 852, 970 SE/TE: 16, 136, 261, 402, 493, 593, 831, 846, 874, 934 SE/TE: 20, 48, 77, 102, 115, 135, 164, 172, 216, 240, 251, 288, 294, 320, 327, 345, 381, 400, 429, 470 SE/TE: 20, 48, 77, 102, 115, 135, 164, 172, 216, 240, 251, 288, 294, 320, 327, 345, 381, 400, 429, 470 * practice formulating logical conclusions [9] SA1.2 SE/TE: 13, 36, 43, 67, 72, 108, 138, 155, 193, 203, 234, 264, 275, 283, 311, 315, 352, 367, 374, 395 * conduct literary and experimental research about current scientific issues [11] SA3.1 SE/TE: 16, 136, 261, 402, 493, 593, 831, 846, 874, 934 FIRST SEMESTER Interdependence of Organisms * give examples to show that atoms and molecules cycle through living and nonliving components of the earth [10] SC3.1, [10] SD1.2 SE/TE: 64-88 9
* explain how the amount of life sustained in an environment depends on availability of matter and energy [9] SC3.1; [9] SC3.3 SE/TE: 64-88 * describe the process of photosynthesis [9] SC3.1 SE/TE: 226-242 * describe some of the inter- and intra-specific relationships between organisms in communities [10, 11] SC3.2 * give examples of how humans can alter the structure and function of ecosystems [9, 10, 11] SF1.1-SF3.1, [11] SA3.1 SE/TE: 64-78, 99-104 SE/TE: 154-180 Flow of Energy and Matter * explain that organisms are linked to the nonliving parts of the Earth through energy uses [9] SC3.1 * describe the role of plants and animals in ecosystems [9] SC3.1 * explain why living systems require continuous input of energy due to entropy [9] SC3.1, [10] SC3.2, [10] SB2.1 * explain how matter and energy flow through different levels of organization in an ecosystem [9] SC3.1, [10] SB2.1 * compare natural ecosystems to a variety of human-managed environments [9, 10, 11] SD1.2, [11] SC3.1, [11] SC3.2 SE/TE: 79-88 SE/TE: 64-88 SE/TE: 73-78 SE/TE: 73-78 SE/TE: 154-180 Diversity of Organisms * describe characteristics of the kingdoms of organisms [9] SC2.1 * describe how biochemical and anatomical characteristics affect behavior, survival, and reproductive capabilities of organisms [9, 11] SC2.3, [11] SC2.1, [11] SC2.2 * describe how taxonomy is used to organize the diversity of phyla and classes SE/TE: 523-528, 1038-1098 SE/TE: 580-585, 606-609, 618-621, 634-638, 730-736 SE/TE: 508-530 10
* describe food webs of local plant and animal species that show ecological relationships [9] SC3.3, [10] SC3.2 * explain the importance of diversity for species and ecosystems [10] SC1.2 * identify the patterns of structure and function in multicellular organisms [9, 10, 11] SC2.1 * explain how local species differ from other related species of plants and animals due to extreme environmental conditions in the boreal biome [9] SC3.3 * give examples of why it is important, as a citizen, to be knowledgeable on current issues involving natural resource uses [10] SA1.2; [10, 11] SA2, 1 [11] SC3.2 SE/TE: 73-78, 510-515 SE/TE: 166-172 SE/TE: 196-218, 780-832 SE/TE: 114 SE/TE: 157-165 SECOND SEMESTER Cells * describe cell structures and functions [10] SC2.2, [11] SC1.1 * give examples of the relationship between chemistry and cell function [10] SC2.2, [11] SC2.1 * explain how cells use DNA to store information and manage functions [9, 11] SC1.1 * describe the cellular processes of fermentation as they relate to industry [9, 10, 11] SE1.1, [11] SC2.1 * explain the basic chemistry of photosynthesis [11] SC2.1, [10] SC2.2 * explain how photosynthesis and respiration functions are related in plant cells and in the ecosystem [9] SC1.1 * explain the process of cell division and differentiation [9] SC1.1, [11] SC1.1 SE/TE: 196-218 SE/TE: 50-54, 208-218, 235-242, 254-260 SE/TE: 336-354 SE/TE: 252, 262-266 SE/TE: 226-242 SE/TE: 253 SE/TE: 274-285, 323-330 11
Heredity * explain the relationship between DNA structure, protein synthesis and cellular function [9, 11] SC1.1 * explain that mutations occur spontaneously in all organisms at low rates [10, 11] SC1.2, [11] SC1.2 * use Punnett squares to solve simple Mendelian genetics problems [9, 10] SC1.2 * describe applications of bioengineering and genetic engineering in health, food industry, crop production, etc. [9, 10, 11] SE1.1, [9, 10, 11] SE2.1, [9, 10, 11] SE3.1, [11] SC1.1, [11] SF1-3 SE/TE: 279-280, 336-354, 366-384 SE/TE: 372-376 SE/TE: 315, 316, 317, 319 SE/TE: 418-440 Evolution * describe how recombination and mutations in genes provides the variation required for evolution [10] SC1.2 * give examples of how variation of a species increases its ability to adapt [10] SC1.2 * give examples of how natural selection can change species to fit available niches in a community [10, 11] SC1.2 * explain that fossils and the molecular similarity of present species provide evidence for evolution [9] SC1.3 SE/TE: 372-376, 419-424, 430, 484, 491 SE/TE: 453, 466, 467, 498-501, 538-545, 550 http://www.northstar.k12.ak.us/index.php?&i_page=254&a_action=view&m_module=document&i_docview =6649 12