Name: Date: Unit 6: Plant Systems 1. Annual 2. Biennial 3. Fertilizer 4. Perennial 5. Photosynthesis 6. Plant Science 7. Respiration 8. Soil 9. Transpiration A. The outer layer of the earth s crust that supports plant growth and includes sand, silt and clay. B. A material that supplies nutrients to plants C. The science of plant growth, care, and management D. The food-making process of plants E. A plant that needs more than two years to complete its life cycle F. A plant that completes its life cycle in one year or less G. A plant that needs two years to complete its life cycle H. The process by which plants break down stored food for plant use I. The process by which a plant loses water vapor
Plant Science SURVEY OF AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS
Define Terms: Annual A plant that completes its life cycle in one year or less. Biennial A plant that needs two years to complete its life cycle. Dicot A plant with two seed leaves. Fertilizer A material that supplies nutrients to plants. Monocot A plant with one seed leaf. Perennial A plant that needs more than two years to complete its life cycle.
Define Terms: Photosynthesis The food-making process of plants. Plant Science The science of plant growth, care, and management. Respiration The process by which plants convert food to energy. Soil The outer layer of the earth s crust that supports plant growth. Transpiration The process by which a plant loses water vapor.
List the products obtained from plants and name the species that produce them Grain Crops -Rice -Wheat -Milo -Oats - Soybeans - Corn - Barley -Rye
List the products obtained from plants and name the species that produce them Fiber Crops -Cotton -Flax
Fiber Crop
List the products obtained from plants and name the species that produce them Fruit Crops Apples Cherries Grapes -Berries - Citrus -Peaches
Fruit Crops
List the products obtained from plants and name the species that produce them Vegetable Crops -Broccoli -Tomatoes -Corn -Green Beans -Potatoes -Peas -Lettuce -Squash -Onion -Cabbage
Vegetable Crops
List the products obtained from plants and name the species that produce them Forestry -Lumber -Mulch -Fuel Wood -Veneer -Paper -Poles -Plywood -Pilings
Forestry
Identify the Four Major Parts of a Plant and their Functions Leaf Plant part consisting of a stipule, petiole, and a blade. Stem Supports the leaves and conducts the flow of water and nutrients. Roots Typically lie underground, bears no leaves and acts as the foundation for the plant. Flower Reproductive part of the plant.
Leaf Functions: A leaf is an above ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. For this purpose, a leaf is typically flat and thin. The flatness of leaves works to expose the chloroplasts to move light and to increase the absorption of carbon dioxide at the expense of water loss. Also the site in most plants where transpiration takes place. Leaves can store food and water.
Leaf Cross Section of Leaf -
Leaf
Leaf
Stem Functions: Support for and the elevation of leaves, flowers, and fruits. The stems keep the leaves in the light and provide place for the plant to keep its flowers and fruits. Transport fluids between the roots and shoots in the xylem and phloem. Storage of nutrients. Production of new living tissue.
Stem
Stem
Roots Functions: Absorption of water and inorganic nutrients. Anchoring of the plant body to the ground. Storage of food and nutrients. Two types of roots: Fibrous and Taproot
Root Fibrous Root System
Fibrous Root
Fibrous Root
Root Taproot System:
Taproot
Flower Functions: Reproduction Attract Pollinators
Flower stigma style anther filament petal sepal ovary pistil
Flower Pistil Female part of flower Stigma Receives the pollen Style Take pollen travels down Ovary Contains ovules Stamen Male part of flower Pollen Sexual reproductive cell Anther Manufactures pollen Filament Supports anther
Flower
Parts of a Flower
Parts of a Flower
Parts of a Flower 1 Stigma 2 - Style 3 Anther 4 Filament 5 - Petal
Plant Life Cycles Annuals are plants that complete their life cycle in one year or less. They have to be replanted annually. Example: Marigold
Plant Life Cycles Biennial s are plants that need two years to complete their life cycle. Example: Radish
Plant Lifecycle Perennials are plants that require more than two years to complete their growing seasons. Example: Woody Plants
Photosynthesis Plants need carbon dioxide to manufacture food. Animals (humans) need oxygen to live. It is a series of processes in which light energy is converted to a simple sugar. It only occurs in the light. It is the conversion of carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light and chlorophyll into glucose, oxygen, and water.
Respiration Respiration is a process by which living cells (plant or animal) take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. Occurs both in light and dark. Respiration is a breaking down process, it uses the sugars and starches produced by photosynthesis and converts them into energy.
Photosynthesis vs. Respiration Photosynthesis: Light Energy 6CO2 + 12H2O --------- C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O Chlorophyl Carbon Dioxide + Water into Glucose+Oxygen+Water Respiration: C6H12O6+6O2 -------- 6CO2+6H2O + Heat (energy) Glucose + Water into Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
Transpiration Transpiration is a process similar to evaporation. It is the process of losing water vapor from parts of a plant, similar to sweating. This process mainly occurs in the leaves but can also occur in other parts of the plant. Water vapor is released from the stomata on the under side of the leaf. This is a cooling process of the plant. The U.S. EPA estimates that an acre of corn transpires approx. 4000 gallons of water each day.
Tissues responsible for the transfer and of nutrients and water Xylem -Transports water & nutrients up. Phloem -Transports manufactured food down. In monocots, the xylem and phloem are arranged in tubes. In dicots, the xylem and phloem are arranged in rings
Monocot vs. Dicot
Monocots Common Examples: -Grass -Lilies -Orchids -Cattails -Onions -Corn
Dicots Common Examples: -Broadleaf Trees -Shrubs -Most Flowers -Vegetables
Identify Requirements for Plant Growth Primary Nutrients Secondary Nutrients Micronutrients
Primary Nutrients Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K)
Commercial Fertilizers Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) N P K Example: 100lb container of fertilizer with a grade of 13 13 13 contains; 13%(N) 13% (P) 13% (K) The rest is inert filler material.
Primary Nutrient Deficiencies Nitrogen General yellowing of the older leaves (bottom of the plant). The rest of the plant is often light green. Phosphorus Leaf tips look burnt, followed by older leaves turning a dark green or reddish-purple. Potassium Older leaves may wilt, look scorched. Interveinal chlorosis begins at the base, scorching inward form the leaf margins.
Nitrogen Deficiency
Phosphorus Deficiency
Potassium Deficiency
Soil Texture Texture refers to the proportion and size of soil particles. It can be determined very accurately in lab by mechanical analysis or very quickly in the field with ribbon test. Sand Largest particle Silt Medium particle Clay Smallest particle
Ribbon Test 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Make a stiff ball Rub the mud ball between thumb and forefinger. Note the degree of coarseness and grittiness due to the sand particles. Squeeze the mud between the fingers and then pull you thumb and finger apart. Note the degree of stickiness due to the clay particles. Make the soil slightly more moist and note that the clay leaves a slick surface on the thumb and fingers.
Ribbon Test
Course-Textured (sandy) Soil Loose and single grained. Individual grains can be easily seen and felt. Squeeze in hand and it will fall apart when pressure is released. Squeeze when moist it will form a cast, but crumble when touched.
Medium-Textured (loamy) Soil Even texture sand, silt, and clay. A loam is mellow with a smooth and gritty feel yet fairly smooth and highly plastic. Squeezed when moist it will form a cast that can be handled quite freely without breaking.
Fine-Textured (clay) Soil Usually forms very hard lumps or clods when dry. It is usually very sticky when wet and is quite plastic when the moist soil is pinched between the thumb and fingers. It will form a long flexible ribbon.
Soil Texture Sandy texture has difficulty in retaining water and thus nutrients are not made available to the plants growing in such a soil. A clayey soil is poorer in aeration (due to stagnation of water) thus debilitating the plant growth. Loamy soil (a mixture of clay and sand) is the best textured soil for crop cultivation since it has all the beneficial aspects not found in the sandy and clayey soil.
Soil Mineral Matter 45% Water 45% Air 5% Organic Matter 5%
Soil Sample Soil Sample is the analysis of a soil sample to determine nutrient content composition and other characteristics, including containments. Tests are usually performed to measure fertility and indicate deficiencies that need to be remedied.
Soil Sample Analysis U of A Cooperative Extension Service. These test are run FREE of charge to all Greene County citizens.
Soil ph It is the measure of the soil acidity (acid) or alkalinity (basic). 0-6.9 is Acidic 7.0 is Neutral 7.1 14.0 is Basic Lime is used if soil is Acidic to raise. Urea is used if soil is Basic to lower.