Phylogeny of Eudicots (or Tricolpates) Basal eudicots Ranunculales Proteales Buxales Eudicots (or Tricolpates) Rosids Caryophyllales Asterids After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374
Phylogeny of Caryophyllales Caryophyllineae Polygonineae Simmondsiaceae Nyctaginaceae Petiveriaceae Phytolaccaceae Aizoaceae Cactaceae Portulacaceae Amaranthaceae Caryophyllaceae Polygonacee Plumbaginaceae Droseraceae Nepenthaceae P-type plastids Curved embryo Perisperm Free central to basal placentation Betalain
Caryophyllaceae (Carnation or Pink family) Textbook DVD KRR Dianthus Parfait Raspberry
Caryophyllaceae (Carnation or Pink family) Photo: V. Soza Note the simple, linear, opposite leaves and the swollen node Silene pratensis Textbook DVD WSJ
Caryophyllaceae (Carnation or Pink family) Textbook DVD KRR Textbook DVD KRR&DLN Dianthus Parfait Raspberry Note superior ovary with 2-5 fused carpels
Caryophyllaceae (Carnation or Pink family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Silene sp. Textbook DVD CSC Silene nivea
Caryophyllaceae (Carnation or Pink family) Caryophyllaceae - 70 genera/2,200 species. Herbs; Leaves simple, entire, linear, opposite; Stem with swollen nodes; Flowers actinomorphic; Floral parts in 5s and polypetalous, Petals often with well developed claw (long thin basal portion) and blade (expanded apical portion), (4-) 10 stamens, Ovary superior, 2-5 fused carpels. No BETALAINS in this family;
Cactaceae (Cactus family) Textbook DVD WSJ Consolea moniliformis Carnegia gigantea Textbook DVD WSJ
Cactaceae (Cactus family) Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD JRA Opuntia humifusa; Note the fleshy stem with ephemeral photosynthetic leaves Cylindropuntia caribaea; Note the areoles and spines
Cactaceae (Cactus family) Textbook KRR&DLN Ferocactus sp.; Note the areoles, spines, and glochids
Cactaceae (Cactus family) Textbook DVD KRR Schlumbergera bridgesii; Note tepals numerous, stamen numerous, ovary inferior, hypanthium Textbook DVD WSJ Opuntia humifusa; Note tepals numerous, stamen numerous, ovary inferior, hypanthium, and berry-like fruit
Cactaceae - 100 genera/1400 species. Cactaceae (Cactus family) Succulent stems, variously shaped (cylindrical, fattened); Leaves are ephemeral (quickly falling) or reduced; Axillary buds specialized into cushion-like areas, called areoles (=short shoots), bearing spine clusters (modified axillary shoot leaves) and sometimes spine-like hairs (glochids). Flowers with many tepals usually united at the base into a hypanthium, many stamens arising from the hypanthium, inferior ovary of 3-numerous f used carpels with parietal placentation. Fruit berry. BETALAINS present;
Quizaceae (Quiz family) In a beautiful evening, when you are walking your dog and passing by your neighbor s yard, there is a gorgeous plant with many reddish zygomorphic flowers draws your attention. When you take a closer look, each flower has three sepals, three petals, three stamens, three stigma lobes and an inferior ovary, which of the following families does this plant belong to: A. Liliaceae B. Orchidaceae C. Iridaceae D. Magnoliaceae E. Ranunculaceae
Relationship between Cactaceae and Portulacaceae Portulacaceae is not monophyletic Applequist and Wallace, 2001, Syst. Bot. 26:406-419
Portulacaceae - 20 genera/450 species. PNW flora include Montia (miner s lettuce, Claytonia (spring beauty), and Lewisia (bitterroot). Herbs, often somewhat succulent; Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, often fleshy (almost succulent); Flowers actinomorphic, polypetalous, Fruit capsule. 2 sepals and 5 petals, stamens 5-many and often opposite to petals, ovary superior with 2-3 fused carpels. note: Lewisia is an important exception with numerous (2-9) sepals and petals as well as stamens. BETALAINS present; Portulacaceae (Purslane family)
Portulacaceae (Purslane family) Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD SZ Portulaca oleracea Claytonia perfoliata Note the simple and more or less fleshy leaves
Portulacaceae (Purslane family) Portulaca cv. Sundial Textbook DVD KRR Note the 2 sepal and 5 petal arrangement Claytonia virginica Note the stamens opposite to petals
Portulacaceae (Purslane family) Photo: V. Soza Photo: V. Soza Lewisii sp. Note this exceptional genus with numerous sepals, petals, and stamens.
Polygonaceae (Knotweed family) Fagopyrum esculentum; Buckwheat, seeds used to produce flour Textbook DVD KRR
Polygonaceae (Knotweed family) Textbook DVD WSJ Polygonum persicaria Note the ocrea (sheathing stipules) Textbook DVD KRR+DLN Polygonum pensylvanicum
Polygonaceae (Knotweed family) Textbook DVD KRR+DLN Muehlenbeckia complexa Textbook DVD WSJ Note the 6 tepals Eriogonum tomentosum
Polygonaceae (Knotweed family) Polygonaceae - 43 genera/1100 species. In PNW, many species of Eriogonum (no ocrea---) and polygonum (weedy). Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines; Leaves simple, alternate; stipules present and connate into an often thin sheath (ocrea) around the stem. Flowers 3-parted, Tepals usually 6 (sometimes 5 due to fusion of 2 tepals), stamens 6-9, ovary superior with 2-3 fused carpels. Fruit nutlet or achene. BETALAINS present;
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