Interactions radiation-cloud-aerosols

Interactions radiation-cloud-aerosols Maria Assunção Faus da Silva Dias Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas Universidade de São Paulo

Summary Aerosol cloud microphysics Aerosol - radiation

Aerosol layer topped by thermal inversion, absoption and scattering of radiation Shading by aerosol layer impact surface energy budget, change low level stability, change cloud features and rainfall Ingestion of parcels with high concentration of CCN impact cloud features and rainfall Changes on cloud features and rainfall impact cloud dynamics, cloudenvironment interactions, teleconnections, global energy budget

Radiation budget for Planet Earth

KOREN ET AL 2004

Koren et al 2008

Biomass burning aerosol effect on rainfall

CO conc. (ppb)

Biomass Burning Emissions > 5000 fires GOES-8 WF_ABBA Local smoke plume (deforestation fires) (picture from M. Andreae) smoke smoke smoke Regional smoke plume ~5 millions km 2 (Prins et al. 1998) 15:31

Aerosol optical thickness 500 nm AOT 500 nm 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 01-Nov-98 Jan-99 21-Dec-98 Mar-99 09-Feb-99 Aeronet measurements in Alta Floresta and Rondonia 1999-2002 Artaxo et al 31-Mar-99 May-99 Alta Floresta AERONET Aerosol Optical Thickness Jan 99 - Nov 2002 20-May-99 Jul-99 09-Jul-99 1999 2000 2001 2002 Aerosol Optical Thickness Aeronet Abracos Hill Rondonia 500 nm Sep-99 1999 2000 2001 2002 28-Aug-99 Nov-99 17-Oct-99 06-Dec-99 Jan-00 25-Jan-00 Mar-00 15-Mar-00 May-00 04-May-00 23-Jun-00 Jul-00 12-Aug-00 Sep-00 01-Oct-00 Nov-00 20-Nov-00 Jan-01 09-Jan-01 28-Feb-01 Mar-01 19-Apr-01 May-01 08-Jun-01 Jul-01 28-Jul-01 16-Sep-01 Sep-01 05-Nov-01 Nov-01 25-Dec-01 Jan-02 13-Feb-02 Mar-02 04-Apr-02 24-May-02 May-02 13-Jul-02 Jul-02 01-Sep-02 Sep-02 21-Oct-02 10-Dec-02 Nov-02

Rainfall accumulation Aerosol effects Longo et al, 2003 Radiation Radiation budget in aerosol layers Colder surface, warmer lower troposphere =stabilizing effect less clouds less rainfall? Cloud microphysics Cloud albedo Cloud lifetime Inhibit rainfall in warm clouds Deep clouds? Warm clouds Aerosol Concentration Scheme of aerosol effects on precipitation Accumulated rain Maritime & moderate (wet) continental clouds (like GATE and PRESTORM) Khain et al, 2003 Dry unstable situation (like Texas clouds) Aerosol concentration Cold clouds

Freitas S.., Longo. Silva Dias, M. A. F., Chatfield, R., Silva Dias, P., Artaxo, P., Andreae, Grell, Rodrigues, Fazenda, Panetta, J.. 2009. (CATT- BRAMS) Atmos. Chem. Phys. www.cptec.inpe.br/ meio_ambiente

AOT (550 nm) from model (40 km resolution)

Solar radiation 16Z19sep2002 without and with the aerosol effect

Δtemperature 16Z19sep2002 T2 = temperature with aerosol T1 = temperature without aerosol 3 Km Surface layer 3 km

3: (lat,lon)= (-12.5, -55) aot(550)=3.9

Reduction on the Convective precipitation (mm) DP = (P - P aer ) GOES-8 IR 20020919 20:45Z

Where are the Most Intense Thunderstorms on Earth? Zipser et al 2006 BAMS

Camponogara, Silva Dias, Carrió 2013 ACPD, 2014 ACP (accepted)

North cases Sep-Dec Data from 1999-2012 Mesoscale Convective Systems fed by Northerly winds with variable aerosol concentration TRMM 3B42 v.7 3 hr data added up to daily values (mm/day)- RR Aerosol Optical Depth - AOD from AERONET daily level 2, 400 nm NCEP Reanalysis 2

Combined EOF using RR mm/day AOD for different AERONET stations For the MCS region: RR daily rainfall ω 500 avg RH 700 850mb AOD

Direct radiation effect of the aerosol plume AOT 550 nm Solar radiation at the suface aot(550)=3, 9 o Possible effect of biomass burning delaying the onset of the rainy season? T = -3.5 o C

Li & Fu, 2004 Transition of the Large-Scale Atmospheric and Land Surface Conditions from the Dry to the Wet Season over Amazonia as Diagnosed by the ECMWF Re-Analysis. J. Climate Lower LH in the observations: may be an indication of the aerosol effect ECMWF LH OBS Rebio Jaru

Zhang et al 2009 Impact of biomass burning aerosol on the monsoon circulation transition over Amazon (GRL) Ensemble simulation with RegCM3 September 2002 AERO radiative effects of biomass burning aerosol CONT no aerosol AERO-CONT a) Diff rainfall b) Diff lapse pot temp lapse-rate lower atm c) Diff surf pressure and moisture flux 925 hpa d) Diff vertical velocity 65 W

PM10 Concentration [ug/m³] LBA-Dry to Wet Season Campaign Aerosol Concentration TEOM PM 10 SMOCC 2002 Pasture Site FNS 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 01/set 06/set 11/set 16/set 21/set 26/set 01/out 06/out 11/out Date and GMT Time 16/out 21/out 26/out 31/out 05/nov 10/nov 15/nov

Andreae, Rosenfeld, Artaxo, Costa, Frank, Longo, Silva Dias 2004.Smoking rain clouds over the Amazon - Science

n n n t D D D D D N D n exp 1 ) ( ) ( 1 Shape parameter in cloud droplet diameter distribution Gonçalves, Martins, Silva Dias, 2008, Atmos Research

FREQUÊNCIA (%) Frequency of shape parameters for all flights 50 40 CLEAN LIMPO POLUÍDO POLLUTED 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 PARÂMETRO DE FORMA

Martins, Silva Dias, Gonçalves, 2009 JGR Vertical structure of cloud and ice water mixing rate observed at the time of maximum liquid water path CCN300 CCN450 CCN600 CCN900

0.3 Flashes/km 2 /month Flash Density (FL/km 2 /mo) TRMM-PR IWC (Z-M) 6.00 LIS Flash Density vs. 7-9 km IWC vs. LIS Flash Density 5.00 y = 39.976x - 5.0843 R 2 = 0.8008 TRMM PR: WARM/WET SEASON 1998/99/00 Ice Water (g m 3 ) 4.00 3.00 y = 213.84x 2-30.779x + 0.5822 R 2 = 0.8164 0.25 LAND 2.00 1.00 IWC g m 3 0.2 0.15 0.1 OCEAN 0.05 0 Height (km) 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Afr. Congo (D-F) Height (km) Sub-trop. Africa (D-F) N. Australia (D-F) Amazon (D-F) Brazil (M. Grosso) (D-F) Warm-pool (D-F) KWAJ. (J-A) G. Mexico (J-A) Florida (J-A) SE. US (J-A) Atlantic ITCZ (D-F) S India (J-A) N India (J-A) EPIC3 (6-12 N) (J-A) S. China Sea (J-A) Indian Ocean (S-N) Gulf Str. (J-A) Argentina (D-F) 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 IWC (g/m 3 ) Wet Season (1998-2000): LIS Flash Density vs. IWC (7-9 km) 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 =AMZ/Monsoon =Ocean =Ocean/Coast =Land Cntrl. Brazil N. India S. India WP Warm-pool Sub-Congo Africa EPIC Congo AMZ AMZ (DJF) 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 IWC (g/m 3 ) Florida AMZ (SON) Gulf Stream

Albrecht, Morales, Silva Dias 2011:Electrification of precipitating systems over the Amazon, J. Geophys. Res.

Williams et al 2002Contrasting convective regimes over the Amazon: Implications for cloud electrification JGR Wet Season Easterlies Wet Season Westerlies Dry Season Williams et al, 2002

Mean total aerosol concentration for each type of precipitating system when first detected by the radar. For LBA campaigns TRMM/LBA and SMOCC (SW Amazon) polluted clean

Reutter et al 2009, Atmos. Chem. Phys. An updraft-limited regime that is characterized by low w/n CN ratios (< 10 4 m s 1 cm 3 ), low maximum values of water vapour supersaturation (S max < 0.2%), low activated fractions of aerosol particles (N CD /N CN < 20%). In this regime N CD is directly proportional to w and practically independent of N CN. No sensitivity to number concentration of aerosol. An aerosol-limited regime that is characterized by high w/n CN ratios (> 10 3 m s 1 cm 3 ), high maximum values of water vapour supersaturation (S max > 0.5%), and high activated fractions of aerosol particles (N CN /N CN > 90%). In this regime N CD is directly proportional to N CN and practically independent of w. As the number concentration of aerosol increases there is a shift to ice phase microphysics. HIGH AEROSOL LOAD DRY SEASON AMAZON CLEAN WET SEASON AMAZON

Reutter et al 2009 INDOEX Ice phase INDOEX Amazon Dry season Amazon Wet season

The aerosol effect Aerosol absorb and scatter solar radiation changing the temperature structure of the lower atmosphere and surface Aerosol act as Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) and change the processes of rainfall production Cloud droplets : water vapor condenses on CCN. Large numbers of CCN = competition for available water vapor

1) Koren et al 2004 Measurement of the Effect of Amazon Smoke on Inhibition of Cloud Formation. Science Smoke lowers cloud fraction BUT Subsidence also lowers cloud fraction and increases smoke concentration 2) Albrecht et 2011. (JGR) Electrification of precipitating systems over the Amazon: Physical processes of thunderstorm development. Journal of Geophysical Research increasing sinking motion with effects: - Reduced cloud fraction - Increases concentration of smoke particles (reduces dispersion) - Aerosol more effective in changing rainfall when atmosphere is not excessively polluted