Limits on Antiprotons in Space from the Shadowing of Cosmic Rays by the Moon Presented by: Yupeng Xu ( ETH Zürich / L3+C collaboration) PhD Students Seminar, PSI, October 1-2, 2003 The L3+C Experiment Motivation: Antiprotons in space The Earth-Moon system as a spectrometer The angular resolution p/p ratio: measurement and limits Summary and outlook 2nd part: Measurement of the atmospheric muon spectrum from 20 to 2000 GeV Limits on Antiprotons in Space from the Shadowing of Cosmic Rays by the Moon (Page 1) PhD Students Seminar, PSI, October 1-2, 2003
The L3+C experiment Location: 6.02 E, 46.25 N, 450 m a.s.l. Muon Detector: 30 m underground (E µ > 15 GeV) Magnet (0.5 Tesla, 1000 m 3 ) High precision drift chambers T 0 detector (202 m 2 of scintillator) Geom. acceptance: Σ Ω 200 m 2 sr GPS timing: 1 µs Trigger and DAQ: independent of L3 Air shower detector: 50 scint.s at surface Muon data: 1999-2000 1.2 10 10 triggers, 12 TB data 2.6965 10 7 seconds (312 days) live-time Main Topics: Spectrum, point source and GRB, solar flares, composition, large area correlation, atmospheric effects, exotic events, p/p ratio Limits on Antiprotons in Space from the Shadowing of Cosmic Rays by the Moon (Page 2) PhD Students Seminar, PSI, October 1-2, 2003
Motivation: Antiprotons in space The study of antiprotons (and positrons) is extremely interesting because they provide important information concerning the origin and propagation of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. Theoretical models Secondary production: Most of the CR antiprotons observed near the Earth are secondaries produced in collisions of energetic CR particles with interstellar gas Exotic sources - Primordial black hole (PBH) evaporation - Dark matter neutralino annihilation - High energy antiprotons from extragalactic sources?? Experimental Measurement Direct measurement: Balloon or satellite (< 50 GeV/c) Indirect method: - Cosmic ray µ + /µ ratio (model dependent, difficult) - The Moon shadow technique. Antiproton/proton ratio 1 10-2 10-4 10-6 AMS 2002 CAPRICE2 2001 BESS 2000 HEAT-pbar 2001 MASS2 1999 CAPRICE 1997 IMAX 1996 Bogomolov 1990 LEAP 1990 PBAR 1990 Golden 1984 Buffington 1981 L3+C 10-1 1 10 10 2 10 3 Kinetic energy (GeV) (Adapted from Boezio, M., et al., 2001, ApJ, 561, 787) Limits on Antiprotons in Space from the Shadowing of Cosmic Rays by the Moon (Page 3) PhD Students Seminar, PSI, October 1-2, 2003
The Earth-Moon system as a spectrometer Cosmic rays are blocked by the Moon. = deficit of cosmic rays when looking at the Moon (Clark 1957). Size of the deficit effective angular resolution Position of the deficit pointing error Geomagnetic field: positively charged particles deflected towards the East and negatively charged particles towards the West. = ion spectrometer (Urban et al. ARTEMIS experiment) Observation since 1990 s: EAS arrays: CYGNUS(only shadow), CASA(only shadow), TIBET(new data, not published) Imaging atmospheric Cherenkov technique(iact): ARTEMIS(failed), CLUE(?) Water Cherenkov detector: MILAGRO(no limit on p/p yet) Muon detectors: MACRO(sun shadow, HE!), SOUDAN(no limit), L3+C Earth W N E Moonshadow for protons Advantage of L3+C: B Moon Moonshadow for anti-protons Excellent angular resolution and pointing Precise momentum measurement Low p min (high rate, large deflection) Real sensitivity on the earth magnetic field. p p p Limits on Antiprotons in Space from the Shadowing of Cosmic Rays by the Moon (Page 4) PhD Students Seminar, PSI, October 1-2, 2003
Trajectory of the Moon as seen from L3+C Sky seen by L3+C in the local coordinate system Acceptance: θ z = 0 60 1 pixel = 1 direction Geomagnetic field model: IGRF θ = f(α z, θ z, p, Z). where the parameters are direction, momentum and charge number of the primary particles. The direction of deflections mainly depends on the Moon position the deflection coordinate system defined for each Moon position in the sky: - θ H and θ V respectively parallel and orthogonal to the computed deflection direction. Example for a given day (215 transits observed): sin(θ z ) cos(α z ) sin(θ z ) sin(α z ) Limits on Antiprotons in Space from the Shadowing of Cosmic Rays by the Moon (Page 5) PhD Students Seminar, PSI, October 1-2, 2003
Shadow simulation Shadow simulation in 3 different coordinate systems(local/celestial/deflection): 1 a) 1 b) 1 c) θ z (degrees) 0.5 0-0.5 δ (degrees) 0.5 0-0.5 θ V (degrees) 0.5 0-0.5-1 -1-0.5 0 0.5 1 α z (degrees) -1-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 RA (degrees) -1-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 θ H (degrees) Both the offset and elongation due to the magnetic field are more clearly visible in the deflection system. Limits on Antiprotons in Space from the Shadowing of Cosmic Rays by the Moon (Page 6) PhD Students Seminar, PSI, October 1-2, 2003
The Angular resolution The effective angular resolution includes: Angle between muons and primary particles Multiple scattering in the molasse Detector s intrinsic angular resolution Simulation CORSIKA: air shower (confirmed by KASCADE) GEANT: multiple scattering and detector response Double-muon events nearly parallel at detector level the data is in good agreement with the simulation Single muon simulation = angular resolution for further analysis. surface µ scintillators molasse 3 m 11 m 3 m magnet driftchambers Run # 112977 Event #129301 Data Event DAQ Time : 711 45502 x y z 9 0 0. 0 0 0 mm (GeV) E µ 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 σ2µ (degrees) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 M.C. DATA Limits on Antiprotons in Space from the Shadowing of Cosmic Rays by the Moon (Page 7) PhD Students Seminar, PSI, October 1-2, 2003
Data selection Selection scheme: Only one single muon is reconstructed in each event The angle with the Moon direction is < 5 p µ > 50 GeV The zenith angle θ z < 60 The fake and real Moon (p µ > 100 GeV) Density (events.ω M -1) 650 a) 600 550 500 450 Density (events.ω M -1) 650 b) 600 550 500 450 A few quality cuts 7.35 10 5 events selected.(exposure 1557.5h, 1188.7h effective live time) The first step: 1-D deficit plot 2-D smoothed shadow image 400 0 1 2 3 4 5 θ (degrees) Smoothed Data: Orthogonal to deflection ( ) Parallel to deflection ( ) 400 0 1 2 3 4 5 θ (degrees) Orthogonal to deflection ( ) Parallel to deflection ( ) Limits on Antiprotons in Space from the Shadowing of Cosmic Rays by the Moon (Page 8) PhD Students Seminar, PSI, October 1-2, 2003
The Maximum Likelihood Method Work on the deflection coordinate system and assume: A planar background; p, p and 4 He have same spectral index; 75% muons come from protons, 25% come from heliums. The description of the data: g(x, y) = u x x + u y y + u z }{{} background N miss 1 + r [0.75 f 1(x x 0, y y 0, σ) }{{} p deficit where r is the ratio of antiproton to matter, f 1 and f 2 are the shadow functions for proton and helium respectively: f(x, y) = f H (x) f V (y), +0.25 f 2 (x x 0, y y 0, σ) }{{} He deficit + r f 1 (x 0 x, y 0 y, σ) ], }{{} p deficit f H (x) = (1 c) L 1 (x, a 1, b 1 ) + c L 2 (x, a 2, b 2 ), +RMoon 2 f V (y) = R Moon πrmoon 2 RMoon 2 1 u2 σ (y u) 2 2π e 2σ 2 du, parameters x 0 and y 0 describe the position of the deficit. Limits on Antiprotons in Space from the Shadowing of Cosmic Rays by the Moon (Page 9) PhD Students Seminar, PSI, October 1-2, 2003
Determination of the effective angular resolution and the pointing precision In this step no p are supposed in the primary flux. Results obtained in the MLH fit to the matter deficit: p µ > 100 GeV 65 GeV < p µ < 100 GeV parameter value uncertainty expected value uncertainty expected N miss 577.±5. 705.±6. x 0 ( ) 0.33 0.08 0.26 0.51 0.12 0.48 y 0 ( ) 0.05 0.04 0. -0.11 0.08 0. σ( ) 0.21 +0.04 0.03 0.24±0.01 0.28 +0.07 0.05 0.38±0.02 Significance 8.6 8.2 5.7 6. Pointing error: 0.1 for the 2 selected energy ranges. Limits on Antiprotons in Space from the Shadowing of Cosmic Rays by the Moon (Page 10) PhD Students Seminar, PSI, October 1-2, 2003
Measurement of the p/p ratio The antiproton search Select p µ > 65 GeV N miss was supposed to be shared between protons, helium and antiprotons and was constrained to the expected value. The value of σ was also constrained to the simulated value. Results: The total significance of the deficit is 9.4 s.d.. ln L 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 p µ > 65 GeV/c -0.2-0.15-0.1-0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 r r = 0.04 0.08 +0.09, = r < 0.11 (90% C.L.) (unified approach method. G. Feldman 1998) = r p/p < 0.15 (90% C.L.) ( He p. = 0.25 0.75 ) Limits on Antiprotons in Space from the Shadowing of Cosmic Rays by the Moon (Page 11) PhD Students Seminar, PSI, October 1-2, 2003
Final result 1 antiproton/proton ratio 10-2 10-4 L3+C 2003 AMS 2002 CAPRICE2 2001 BESS 2000 HEAT-pbar 2001 MASS2 1999 CAPRICE 1997 IMAX 1996 Bogomolov 1990 LEAP 1990 PBAR 1990 Golden 1984 Buffington 1981 90% C.L. 10-6 10-1 1 10 10 2 10 3 Kinetic energy (GeV) Limits on Antiprotons in Space from the Shadowing of Cosmic Rays by the Moon (Page 12) PhD Students Seminar, PSI, October 1-2, 2003
Summary The moon shadow has been observed with 9.4 s.d. significance. The effective angular resolution for the set of selected events are measured to be 0.21 +0.04 0.03 for p µ > 100 GeV and 0.28 +0.07 0.05 65 < p µ < 100 GeV. The pointing precision is better than 0.1. for the momentum range No event deficit on the antimatter side is observed and the upper limit of the p content is 0.11 (90% C.L.). With the assumed flux composition and antiproton spectrum, this corresponds to a p/p ratio of r p/p = 0.15 (primaries around 700 GeV). The publication is practically ready. Limits on Antiprotons in Space from the Shadowing of Cosmic Rays by the Moon (Page 13) PhD Students Seminar, PSI, October 1-2, 2003
Outlook Taking into account all the accumulated data At the moment only 33% of the data has been used due to restrictions in the reconstruction program. A complete reconstruction of our data by a new program is currently in progress. New simulation scenario = Improved result in the near future. Limits on Antiprotons in Space from the Shadowing of Cosmic Rays by the Moon (Page 14) PhD Students Seminar, PSI, October 1-2, 2003
2nd part: The muon spectrum Measurement of the atmospheric muon spectrum from 20 to 2000 GeV Limits on Antiprotons in Space from the Shadowing of Cosmic Rays by the Moon (Page 15) PhD Students Seminar, PSI, October 1-2, 2003
The muon spectrum Atmospheric muons are among the final products of primary cosmic ray induced air shower cascades. A precise measurement of the ground level muon flux can be used to estimate the primary flux, the primary composition and to study the hadronic interactions involved in the production of the muons parent mesons. It provides a crucial input to the theoretical calculation of the atmospheric neutrino flux, because each muon is produced with an accompanying muon neutrino. This is needed to interpret the observed muon neutrino flux deficit at high energy and to evaluate the background for neutrino astronomy. Limits on Antiprotons in Space from the Shadowing of Cosmic Rays by the Moon (Page 16) PhD Students Seminar, PSI, October 1-2, 2003
The muon spectrum L3+C measured the vertical muon flux 20-2000 GeV the charge ratio 20-600 GeV the zenith angle dependencies up to 58 Large exposure factor of about 180 m 2 sr d Maximum detectable momentum at 4.7 ± 0.4 TeV Minimum systematic error of vertical muon flux is 2.6% Limits on Antiprotons in Space from the Shadowing of Cosmic Rays by the Moon (Page 17) PhD Students Seminar, PSI, October 1-2, 2003
Vertical muon spectrum and charge ratio (cos(θ) > 0.975) Φ p 3 [GeV 2 cm -2 s -1 sr -1 ] 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 µ + /µ - 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 world average L3+C 0.15 AHM71 Kiel71 MARS75 0.1 AHM79 MASS93 CAPRICE94/97/98 0.05 L3+C 10 2 10 3 p [GeV] 0.6 15 100 800 Comparison is made with other experiment results providing obsolute flux values. (inner error bar: statistical error; full error bar: total error) 1.2 1 0.8 p [GeV] Limits on Antiprotons in Space from the Shadowing of Cosmic Rays by the Moon (Page 18) PhD Students Seminar, PSI, October 1-2, 2003
Zenith angle dependence charge ratio - 1 + µ /µ Φ p3 [GeV2cm-2s-1sr-1] muon spectrum 0.9 cos(θ) scale offset 0.975-1.000 +0.7 9 cos(θ) scale offset 0.975-1.000 +7 0.938-0.975 +6 0.900-0.938 +5 0.825-0.900 +4 0.750-0.825 +3 0.675-0.750 +2 0.600-0.675 +1 0.525-0.600 -- 8 0.8 7 0.7 0.938-0.975 +0.6 0.900-0.938 +0.5 6 0.6 0.5 0.825-0.900 +0.4 0.4 0.750-0.825 +0.3 0.3 0.675-0.750 +0.2 5 4 3 0.2 0.600-0.675 +0.1 0.525-0.600 -- 2 0.1 10 2 10 3 10 4 p [GeV] Limits on Antiprotons in Space from the Shadowing of Cosmic Rays by the Moon (Page 19) 1 10 2 10 3 p [GeV] PhD Students Seminar, PSI, October 1-2, 2003
Comparison with TARGET 2.2 - a hadronic interaction modes (R. Engel et al., Proc. 28th ICRC, Tsukuba, Japan, (2003) 1603) Limits on Antiprotons in Space from the Shadowing of Cosmic Rays by the Moon (Page 20) PhD Students Seminar, PSI, October 1-2, 2003