CHEMISTRY CLASS XII
CHEMISTRY [Class XII] Strictly according to new syllabus prescribed by Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and State Boards of Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Bihar, Jharkhand, Kerala, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Punjab, Uttarakhand and other States following NCERT curriculum By Dr. N.K. SHARMA M.Sc., M.Ed., Ph.D. Lecturer in Chemistry Nutan Vidya Mandir Dilshad Garden, Delhi LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD (An ISO 9001:2008 Company) BENGALURU CHENNAI COCHIN GUWAHATI HYDERABAD JALANDHAR KOLKATA LUCKNOW MUMBAI RANCHI NEW DELHI BOSTON (USA) NAIROBI (KENYA)
CHEMISTRY XII by Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd. All rights reserved including those of translation into other languages. In accordance with the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise. Any such act or scanning, uploading, and or electronic sharing of any part of this book without the permission of the publisher constitutes unlawful piracy and theft of the copyright holder s intellectual property. If you would like to use material from the book (other than for review purposes), prior written permission must be obtained from the publishers. Printed and bound in India Typeset at Goswami Associates, Delhi New Edition ISBN 978-93-5138-155-6 Limits of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representation or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties. The advice, strategies, and activities contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. In performing activities adult supervision must be sought. Likewise, common sense and care are essential to the conduct of any and all activities, whether described in this book or otherwise. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable or assumes any responsibility for any injuries or damages arising here from. The fact that an organization or Website if referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers must be aware that the Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. All trademarks, logos or any other mark such as Vibgyor, USP, Amanda, Golden Bells, Firewall Media, Mercury, Trinity, Laxmi appearing in this work are trademarks and intellectual property owned by or licensed to Laxmi Publications, its subsidiaries or affiliates. Notwithstanding this disclaimer, all other names and marks mentioned in this work are the trade names, trademarks or service marks of their respective owners. Published in India by Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd. (An ISO 9001:2008 Company) 113, GOLDEN HOUSE, DARYAGANJ, NEW DELHI - 110002, INDIA Telephone : 91-11-4353 2500, 4353 2501 Fax : 91-11-2325 2572, 4353 2528 C www.laxmipublications.com info@laxmipublications.com Printed at: Branches & Bangalore 080-26 75 69 30 & Chennai 044-24 34 47 26, 24 35 95 07 & Cochin 0484-237 70 04, 405 13 03 & Guwahati 0361-254 36 69, 251 38 81 & Hyderabad 040-27 55 53 83, 27 55 53 93 & Jalandhar 0181-222 12 72 & Kolkata 033-22 27 43 84 & Lucknow 0522-220 99 16 & Mumbai 022-24 91 54 15, 24 92 78 69 & Ranchi 0651-220 44 64
This book is dedicated to my mother Late. Smt. Kaushaliya With Immense Love and Regards Aim not for what you are, But what you could be, Challenge yourself, Release your hidden potential.
Contents Pages Syllabus (xi xiv) 1. The Solid State... 1 2. Solutions... 33 3. Electrochemistry... 83 4. Chemical Kinetics... 120 5. Surface Chemistry... 167 6. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements... 185 7. p-block Elements... 203 8. The d- and f-block Elements... 238 9. Co-ordination Compounds... 264 10. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes... 297 11. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers... 333 12. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids... 370 13. Amines... 413 14. Biomolecules... 448 15. Polymers... 467 16. Chemistry in Everyday Life... 481 Appendix I : Important Formulae... 494 Appendix II : Important Inorganic Reactions... 505 Appendix III : Important Structure of Molecules... 515 Appendix IV : Reasoning Questions on p-block, and d and f-block Elements... 519 Appendix V : Important Reasoning Questions... 526 Appendix VI : Important Name of Reactions... 534 Appendix VII : Some Important Reaction for Distinguishing between Pairs of Organic Compounds... 542 Appendix VIII : Mechanism... 548 Appendix IX : Some Commercially Important Compounds and their Preparations... 551 Appendix X : Important Conversions... 553 ( vii )
( viii ) CBSE Sample Question Paper Solved Practice Sample Question Paper-1... 567 Solved Practice Sample Question Paper-2... 575 Solved Practice Sample Question Paper-3... 583 Solved Practice Sample Question Paper-4... 592 Sample Practice Papers for Board Examination... 604 Revision Test Paper 2016... 617 Examination Paper 2016... 621
Dear students, LETTER TO THE STUDENTS In this age of nail-biting competition, it really helps to be well-equipped with the subject in order to break the ice in the competitive area. So, while the market is flooded with numerous repetitions of books which handy help your intellectuality and competency, we have endeavoured to reach out to your wider examination needs in this edition. Keeping in mind the broader comprehensive needs of the subject, we have put in our best efforts in this book. I am highly thankful to late P. Singh, Founder Chairman, Nutan Vidya Mandir, who had been always a guiding lamp to me. I thankfully acknowledge the co-ordination and guidance of the respected Chairman Shri Sanjay Singh, Deputy Chairperson, Ms. Sarita Singh and Vice Principal Sh. C.B. Tiwari, Nutan Vidya Mandir, Dilshad Garden, Delhi. I am thankful to my better half Ms. Bindu Sharma, who is always a source of inspiration to me. Few words of thanks and love for family members who patiently accepted me absenteism and supported me for this task. I am thankful to my friends, whose interaction has always encouraged me in developing this book. Although I have taken care of and laid down all efforts to remove any discrepancy which might have crept in, yet criticism or suggestions are always solicited from your end. Thanking you in anticipation for your co-operation. Please do write to author or our publishers. Wishing for your success. AUTHOR ( ix )
CRACKING THE EXAMINATION IN CHEMISTRY Tips and Tricks to do well in the exams. Description: Chemistry is as scoring as Maths. It will carry 70 marks. The rest 30 marks will be for the practical exam in the school. POINTS TO REMEMBER Know your syllabus and exam structure well. You must know the division of syllabus into various units and their weightage clearly. Physical chemistry portion is very scoring. In inorganic chemistry, spend more time on s-block and p-block elements unit. Organic portion requires regular revision. Once the textbook is revised, you may go through various school examination papers. Close to the examinations, one should only practise sample papers and take mock tests. Understand your strengths and weak points. Revise the portions where you think you need improvement and further consolidate your strengths. This can make a huge difference to your final results and your confidence. Spend 10 minutes going through the question paper first and plan how you will take the exam. Attempt the questions that you know well. Two days before the exams one should relax rather than learning new topics. It is important not to keep yourself busy all night revising the entire curriculum just before the exams. Prioritize the revision of the important topics. Eat sensibly. Drink plenty of water and energy juices. Always think positive. Getting worried about how difficult the subject is and how your preparation is not up to the mark, will make the things more difficult. It s better to complete a small project than to leave a big one half done. Commit your life, your plans, your hopes, your dreams, and your fears to God through prayer everyday. In return you will have peace and success in your life. ( x )
Syllabus CHEMISTRY CLASS XII (Theory) Total Periods: 160 One Paper (Theory) Time : 3 Hours 70 Marks Unit No. Title No. of Periods Marks I. Solid State 10 II. Solutions 10 III. Electrochemistry 12 23 IV. Chemical Kinetics 10 V. Surface Chemistry 08 VI. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 08 VII. p-block Elements 12 VIII. d- and f-block Elements 12 IX. Coordination Compounds 12 X. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 10 XI. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 10 XII. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 10 XIII. Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen 10 28 XIV. Biomolecules 12 XV. Polymers 08 XVI. Chemistry in Everyday Life 06 Total 160 70 19 Unit I : Solid State (Periods 10) Classification of solids based on different binding forces : Molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea). Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties. Bond theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators and n and p type semiconductors. ( xi )
Unit II : Solutions (Periods 10) ( xii ) Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult s law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass. Van t Hoff factor. Unit III : Electrochemistry (Periods 12) Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch s Law, electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells, lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells, corrosion. Unit IV : Chemical Kinetics (Periods 10) Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions), concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenious equation. Unit V : Surface Chemistry (Periods 8) Adsorption : Physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis, homogenous and heterogenous activity and selectivity; enzyme catalysis colloidal state, distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions ; lyophilic, lyophobic, multimolecular and macromolecular colloids ; properties of colloids ; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation ; emulsion types of emulsions. Unit VI : General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements (Periods 8) Principles and methods of extracting : Concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and refining ; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron. Unit VII : p-block Elements (Periods 12) Group 15 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties ; Nitrogen preparation, properties and uses; compounds of nitrogen, preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure only), phosphorous-allotropic forms, compounds of phosphorous : preparation and properties of phosphine, halides and oxoacids (elementary idea only). Group 16 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, dioxygen : preparation, properties and uses, classification of oxides, Ozone, Sulphur allotropic forms ; compounds of sulphur : preparation, properties and uses of sulphur-dioxide, sulphuric acid : industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).
( xiii ) Group 17 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties ; compounds of halogens, preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens (structures only). Group 18 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses. Unit VIII : d- and f-block Elements (Periods 12) General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation and properties of K 2 Cr 2 O 7 and KMnO 4. Lanthanoids : Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences. Actinoids : Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids. Unit IX : Coordination Compounds (Periods 12) Coordination compounds : Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner s theory, VBT, and CFT ; Structure and sterioisomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative inclusion, extraction of metals and biological system). Unit X : Haloalkanes and Haloarenes (Periods 10) Haloalkanes : Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, optical rotation. Haloarenes : Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only). Uses and environmental effects of dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT. Unit XI : Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers (Periods 10) Alcohols : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol. Phenols : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols. Ethers : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses. Unit XII : Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids (Periods 10) Aldehydes and ketones : Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes ; uses. Carboxylic acids : Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties ; uses.
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